midterm Flashcards
1
Q
is the study of knowledge through rational thinking and deep questioning.
It tries to answer big questions about human life, existence, and the world.
A
Philosophy
2
Q
“Sophia”
A
wisdom
3
Q
“Philo
A
= love
4
Q
uses reflection, not experiments.
A
Philosophy
5
Q
A Classical Greek Philosopher, known as the father of Western moral philosophy.
A
SOCRATES
6
Q
He introduced the Socratic Method – asking questions to encourage deep thinking.
A
SOCRATES
7
Q
His main goal: “Know thyself” – understand who you really are.
A
SOCRATES
8
Q
He believed that:
The goal in life is true happiness.
We are motivated to avoid things that harm us and choose what’s good for our well-being.
A
SOCRATES
9
Q
Changeable, temporary, and imperfect
Connected to the body
A
Physical Realm
10
Q
Unchanging, eternal, and immortal
Connected to the soul
A
Ideal Realm
11
Q
Always striving for perfection
But is hindered by its connection to the body
A
💖 SOUL (Essence of the Self)
12
Q
Known for: “Know thyself” and the Socratic Method (self-questioning).
A
Socrates
13
Q
Famous quote: “An unexamined life is not worth living.”
A
🌟 Socrates
14
Q
Student of Socrates; founded the Academy of Athens.
Believed the Body and Soul are separate.
A
plato
15
Q
The Soul has 3 parts:
A
- Appetitive
- Spirited
- Rational
16
Q
physical desires (pleasure, comfort)
A
Appetitave
17
Q
emotions and motivation
A
Spirited
18
Q
logic, reason, judgment
A
Rational
19
Q
Aristotle
Soul is made of 3 types:
A
- Vegetative
2.Sentient
3.Rational
20
Q
Growth(plants/body)
A
Vegetative
21
Q
Feelings and desires (animals)
A
Sentient
22
Q
Reason and thinking (humans)
A
Rational
23
Q
Christian philosopher; wrote City of God.
A
St. Augustine
24
Q
Self is a journey: Self-presentation → Self-realization.
A
St. Augustine
25
Famous line: “I doubt, therefore I am.”
✝️ St. Augustine
26
Believed self is made in the image of God, and knowing God helps us know ourselves.
✝️ St. Augustine
27
Father of Modern Philosophy.
💭 René Descartes
28
Believed in mind-body dualism (they are separate).
René Descartes
29
Thinking proves existence: “Cogito, ergo sum” – "I think, therefore I am"
René Descartes
30
Mind = thinking substance; Body = physical form
René Descartes
31
Believed in Tabula Rasa – born as a blank slate.
John Locke
32
self is built through experience, reflection, and self-awareness.
John Locke
33
Senses and environment shape who we are.
John Locke
34
Said the mind organizes experiences.
🧩 Immanuel Kant
35
ntroduced Transcendental Apperception – self-awareness beyond just senses.
🧩 Immanuel Kant
36
Abstract ideas (e.g., love, time) can’t be fully known by senses alone.
🧩 Immanuel Kant
37
Founder of Psychoanalysis.
🧊 Sigmund Freud
38
3 The Mental Iceberg:
Conscious
Preconscious
Unconscious
39
aware thoughts
Conscious
40
just below awareness
Preconscious
41
hidden desires/memories
Unconscious
42
Known for Behaviorism: self is what we do, not some hidden mind.
🤖 Gilbert Ryle
43
Said “I act, therefore I am.”
Gilbert Ryle
44
Criticized mind-body dualism as a "ghost in the machine".
Gilbert Ryle
45
Believed in Eliminative Materialism – only matter exist
Paul Churchland
46
Self is the brain and how it functions (neurophilosophy).
Paul Churchland
47
To understand the self, study neural processes.
Paul Churchland
48
Believed the mind and body are one
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
49
Self = body + environment + experience
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
50
Emphasized subjectivity – how we view ourselves through personal experience.
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
51
From Greek: Philo (love) + Sophia (wisdom) = Love of Wisdom
Philosophy
52
Definition: Study of knowledge through reason and questioning. It asks: Who are we? Why do we exist?
📚 Philosophy
53
3 Philosophical Lenses on the Self
Empiricism
Rationalism
Dualism
54
Self is known through senses and experience.
Empiricism
55
Self is understood through reason, not senses.
Rationalism
56
Self is mind + body, but they are separate.
Dualism
57
Known as: Father of Western Moral Philosophy
Socrates (469 BC, Athens)
58
key belief
dualistic: Man=___+ _____
Body (temporary) + Soul (eternal)
59
– changing, imperfect → Body
Physical Realm
60
unchanging, eternal → Soul
Ideal Realm
61
Famous Line: “An unexamined life is not worth living.”
Socrates (469 BC, Athens)
62
Thinking, moral, rational being.
Seat of knowledge and virtue.
What truly defines a person.
Soul = True Self
63
A way of questioning your beliefs to understand truth.
💭 Socratic Method
64
Leads to self-knowledge, which leads to wisdom and virtue.
Socratic Method
65
💡 Good Life According to Socrates
A virtuous life is a good life.
66
Founder of the Academy of Athens
Believed in Body-Soul Dualism
Plato (Student of Socrates)
67
The true self is the rational soul.
The soul is responsible for:
Thinking
Reasoning
Guiding moral actions
Plato's View of the Self
68
🧠 Three Parts of the Soul
Rational Soul
Spirited Soul
Appetitive Soul
69
(Head) – reason, logic
Soul Rational
70
(Chest) – emotions, courage
Spirited Soul
71
(Stomach) – desires, hunger, lust
Appetitive Soul
72
y: When these 3 parts work together under the control of Rational Soul, the person is just and balanced.
Harmony:
73
Greek Philosopher, Scientist, and student of Plato
Known for contributions in ethics, politics, and psychology
Aristotle (384 BC – Stagira, Greece)
74
"Human is a rational animal."A person is a thinking animal.Based on the concept of the soul:The soul is the principle of life.All living things have a soul; without it, there is no life.
Aristotle’s View of the Self
75
Growth, reproduction, nutrition
Plants
VEGETATIOVE SOUL
76
+ Sensation, emotions
Animals
SENTIENT SOUL
77
+ Thinking, reasoning (intellect)
Humans
RATIONAL SOUL
78
the soul and body are one—they are not separate.
The soul is the form of the body.
Therefore, the soul is the self.
The soul is what makes a human person a human
Aristotle
79
Born on 31 March 1596, La Haye, Touraine region of France
Mathematician and philosopher
Called the Father of Modern Western Philosophy
René Descartes (1596 – France)
80
Descartes’ View of the Self: Radical Dualism
The self is made of two substances:
Res extensa – the body (extended thing)
Res cogitans – the mind/soul (thinking thing)
81
Source of thought, awareness, doubt, imagination, etc.
Can exist without the body
The mind is the real self:
82
Physical, measurable, and subject to change
Not essential to the "true" self
body
83
How does Descartes view humans as thinking beings?
For Descartes, A thinking being is a being that doubts, understands, asserts, denies, imagines and the like.
84
What does “Cogito, ergo sum” mean
I think, therefore I am”
85
What is the significance of the Wax Analogy?
The wax changes in shape, color, texture—but the mind still knows it’s wax.
→ Our understanding comes from reason, not the senses.
86
What is the role of God in Descartes’ theory of mind and body?
God guarantees the connection between mind and body
87
How does Descartes define the mind vs. the body?
Mind: Non-material, eternal, source of thought & perception
• Body: Material, changeable, subject to doubt
88
A Christian thinker and philosopher from North Africa.
He helped shape Christian beliefs about the soul and self.
Who was St. Augustine?
89
The self has two parts: the body and the soul.
The soul is the most important part.
St. Augustine’s View of the Self:
90
Defined by consciousness, mind, and soul
Augustine define the self?
91
What brings true understanding, according to Augustine?
Self-awareness
• Introspection
• Connection to God
92
What is at the center of the soul, according to Augustine?
Thought
• Knowledge
• Faith
93
What does the soul seek and where does it find fulfillment?
The soul seeks truth and finds fulfillment in God.
94
What is the journey of the self for Augustine?
Exploring the inner self
• Realizing dependence on God
• Seeking eternal truth
95
A Christian philosopher and theologian from Algeria; author of The City of God and On Christian Doctrine
St. Augustine of Hippo?
96
The self moves between interiority (inner life) and exteriority (external world)
Augustine mean by “shifting emphasis” in the self?
97
We are below God, but above material things
The human mind is spiritual but still less than God
Augustine describe our place in creation?
98
The self is shaped by its relationship with God:
• Perceiving God’s love
• Responding to it
defines the self, according to Augustine?
99
We are made in God’s image, but must still grow closer to Him by living rightly
Augustine say about our union with God?
100
Knowledge comes from seeing truth within us”
→ Knowing God helps us know ourselves
self-knowledge connected to God in Augustine’s view?
101
What are the two steps in the process of the self?
Self-presentation – being aware of yourself
2. Self-realization – discovering who you are
102
What role does doubt play in Augustine’s understanding of the self?
I doubt, therefore I am” – Doubting shows a thinking mind
103
The soul can’t exist alone without the body, but its immortality
The Soul's Immortality
104
The soul can’t exist alone without the body, but its immortality depends on:
Living a virtuous life
Being in communion with God
105
To be righteous and holy like God, a person must:
Submit their will and intellect to God's love (Charity)
Path to Eternal Life: Virtue
106
Grow in virtue, including:
Prudence (wise decisions)
Justice (fairness)
Courage (strength in difficulties)
Temperance (self-control)
107
Austrian neurologist
Known as the Father of Psychoanalysis
Born in Freiberg, Moravia (now Příbor, Czech Republic)
Originally studied medicine and neurology at the University of Vienna
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
108
Freud compared the human mind to an iceberg:
The small visible part = conscious mind
The large hidden part under water = the preconscious and unconscious mind
109
3 LEVELS OF MINDS
CONSCIOUS
PRECONCIOUS
UNCONCIOS
110
WHAT WE ARE CURRENTLY AWARE OF
THOUGHTS, AWARENESS, LOGIC
CONSCIOUS
111
INFORMATION NOT CURRENTLY IN CONSCIOUSNESS BUT CAN BE RECALLED
STOCK KNOWLEDGE, MEMORIES
PRECONCIOUS
112
DEEP HIDDEN PART OF THE MIND
REPRESSED THOUGHTS, DESIRES, TRAUMATIC MEMORIES
UNCONCIOS
113
Freud also divided the self into three parts:
1. Id
2. Ego
3. Superego
114
Present from birth
Based on the pleasure principle
Wants instant gratification (e.g., hunger, desires, urges)
Unconscious
Id
115
Based on the reality principle
Balances the demands of the id and the rules of the superego
Rational and conscious part of the self
Deals with real-world decisions
Ego
116
Represents morality and ideals
Developed from parents and society
Acts like an inner judge or conscience
Partly conscious, mostly unconscious
Superego
117
Born and died in Prussia (now part of Russia)
A famous German philosopher
Known for his work in epistemology, ethics, and metaphysics
Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
118
Kant’s View of the Self: The Two-Fold Nature
According to Kant, every person has two aspects:
Homo Noumenon (Noumenal Self)
Homo Phaenomenon (Phenomenal Self)
119
The true self
Exists beyond physical experience
The godlike and intellectual part of a person
Belongs to the world of understanding
Our ideal self, who seeks truth, morality, and perfection
Homo Noumenon (Noumenal Self)
120
The physical self
The self we experience through ou in r senses
Exists in the world of appearance and experience
The body that allows us to think, analyze, and interpret reality
Homo Phaenomenon (Phenomenal Self)
121
Social Sciences and the Self
Our identity is shaped by both:
Genetic inheritance (nature)
Environmental influences (nurture)
122
holistic approach helps us understand ourselves better.
Self-awareness improves when we explore different sources of influence and knowledge.
Social Sciences and the Self
123
The scientific study of social groups and interactions.
Focuses on how society forms, functions, and changes.
Examines how individuals are shaped by, and also shape, society.
Sociology?
124
People develop their self-image based on how they think others see them.
Charles Horton Cooley – The Looking-Glass Self
125
3 Key Stages:
We imagine how we appear to others.
We interpret how others react to us.
We develop a self-image based on our interpretations.
126
These perceptions are often subjective and may lead to misunderstandings or false self-views
Charles Horton cooley
127
The self is not inborn, but developed through interaction.
We construct and reconstruct who we are based on experiences with others.
George Herbert Mead – The Social Self
128
THE SPONTANEOUS, CREATIVE, AND PERSONAL PART OF THE SELF THAT REACTS TO THE WORLD
I
129
THE SOCIALIZED SELF; SHAPE BY SOCIETY EXPECTATION AND NORMS. rEFLECTS HOW WE THINK OTHERS WANT US TO BEHAVE
Me
130
Mead’s Three Stages of Self-Development
Preparatory Stage (Birth–2 years old)
Play Stage (2–6 years old)
Game Stage (6–9 years old)
131
What happens?
The child imitates people around them (e.g., parents, siblings).
Key points:
No understanding of meaning yet.
Behavior is mostly copying without intent.
Builds the foundation for learning roles in the future.
Preparatory Stage (Birth–2 years old)
132
What happens?
The child begins role-playing (e.g., pretending to be a doctor, teacher).
Key points:
Learns through imagination and make-believe.
Understands roles of significant others (like parents).
Starts using language and symbols.
Begins forming a sense of self through interaction.
Play Stage (2–6 years old)
133
What happens?
The child participates in organized games with rules and multiple roles.
Key points:
Understands the "generalized other" (society’s expectations).
Can see things from the perspective of a group, not just individuals.
Begins to follow rules, norms, and values.
Develops a more complex and stable self-concept.
Game Stage (6–9 years old)
134
The study of humans from past to present.
Focuses on how biological and cultural factors shape the Self.
Uses a holistic approach: combines nature, nurture, and environment.
Anthropology?
135
Four Subfields of Anthropology:
Sociocultural – Culture, beliefs, norms, values.
Archaeological – Human history through artifacts.
Biological – Genetics, evolution, physical development.
Linguistic – Language and communication.
136
“A complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, morals, laws, customs, and habits acquired by humans as members of society.”
Not made by one person, but by collective human experience.
Influences how people perceive, behave, and express themselves.
Culture (Edward Tylor):
137
Formed through shared experiences, cultural norms, and history.
Not just personal, but socially constructed.
Identity (in anthropology):
138
INDIV, AUTONOMOUS
ex: Americans
EGOCENTRIC
139
Social Context, Group Based
Asians, Chinese, Japanese
SOCIOCENTRIC
140
Traits we use to build and show our identity.
Examples:
Kinship
Gender
Age
Ethnicity
Socio-economic status
Gender preference
Identity Toolbox
141
Cultural rituals or events that mark a person’s transition and solidify their identity.
Examples: Graduation, marriage, initiation ceremonies.
Rite of Passage
142
Culture = a control mechanism for guiding human behavior.
Culture is symbolic and passed through generations.
People are shaped by culture but also help create it.
Clifford Geertz (1973):
143
Culture is learned through inculturation (the process of learning one’s culture).
Kottak (2008):
144
Psychology studies thoughts, behavior, and experiences.
The Self is understood through physical, cognitive, and psychosocial aspects.
Psychology and the Self
145
Father of American Psychology
2. William James
146
Divided self into:
“I-Self”“Me-Self”
147
“Me-Self” – the known self (3 parts):
Material Self – body, clothes, things, family
Social Self – how others see us
Spiritual Self – values, beliefs, conscience
148
Self-Concept = Real Self + Ideal Self
Carl Rogers
149
– who you are now
Real Self
150
who you want to be
Ideal Self
151
(alignment between Real and Ideal Self) = happiness
Congruence
152
Sigmund Freud was a doctor from Austria who introduced the idea of psychoanalysis, a way to understand people's thoughts, dreams, and feelings.
He believed that:
The unconscious mind controls much of what we do (things we don’t even realize).
Our mind has three parts:
Sigmund Freud
153
Personality has 3 parts:
ID – instinct, pleasure seeker
EGO – mediator, reality-based
SUPEREGO – conscience, moral judge
154
Psychosexual Stages:
Oral (0–1) – mouth pleasure, dependency
Anal (1–3) – toilet training, control
Phallic (3–6) – curiosity about genitals
Latency (6–puberty) – focus on school, friendships
Genital (puberty onward) – mature relationships
155
mouth pleasure, dependency
Oral (0–1)
156
toilet training, control
Anal (1–3)
157
curiosity about genitals
Phallic (3–6)
158
focus on school, friendships
Latency(6 puberty)
159
mature relationships
Genital (puberty onward)
160
– 8 Psychosocial StagesErikson's 1st Stage: Trust vs. Mistrust (0–1 year)
Most important stage – baby depends fully on others.
161
Trust develops when caregivers are:
Leads to: safety, security, positive view of the world
Loving
Consistent
Reliable
162
Mistrust develops when caregivers are:
Leads to: fear, insecurity, belief that the world is unsafe
Neglectful
Unavailable
Inconsistent
163
Erikson's 2nd Stage: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1–3 years)
Focus: Early childhood – learning self-control and independence
Toilet training is key (like Freud), but for Erikson, it's about gaining control
164
Kids also choose their own:
Food
Toys
Clothes
165
Kids take initiative through play and interaction
Success = Leadership and creativity
Failure = Guilt, self-doubt
Goal: Learn to make decisions without fear
Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt (Ages 3–5)
166
Kids compare themselves with others
Success = Feel competent and capable
Failure = Feel inferior, doubt abilities
Goal: Build confidence in skills and learning
Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority (Ages 5–11)
167
Teens explore who they are
Success = Strong identity, clear goals
Failure = Confusion, insecurity about future
Goal: Discover personal values, beliefs
Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion (Ages 12–18)
168
Form deep, committed relationships
Success = Healthy love and connections
Failure = Loneliness, isolation
Goal: Build lasting bonds with others
Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation (Ages 19–35)
169
Focus on career, family, giving back
Success = Feeling productive, helping others
Failure = Feeling stuck, unfulfilled
Goal: Contribute to the next generation
Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation (Ages 35–50)
170
Reflect on life
Success = Sense of integrity, peace
Failure = Regret, bitterness
Goal: Accept life with pride and closure
Stage 8: Integrity vs. Despair (Old age)
171
your authentic, real self
True Self
172
Western Views of Self:
The Self is seen as a social construct, influenced by various symbols and the understanding of one's self, while still considering the influence of others.
Western Views of Self:
Analytic:
173
: Western thought often involves belief in one supreme being, who defines morality and provides the basis for beliefs and actions.
Monotheistic:
174
: The Self is defined by personal choice, with emphasis on freedom to decide who and what one wants to be. The individual's actions and decisions are not heavily influenced by others.
Individualistic
175
Success is often measured by wealth and popularity. The focus is on practical, logical, and concrete aspects of life.
Materialistic and Rationalistic:
176
Eastern Views of Self:
Eastern philosophies are often deeply intertwined with religion and morality, where the ultimate goal is to attain personal perfection.
Spiritual and Moral Integration:
177
Schools of Thought:
4?
Confucianism:
Buddhism:
Hinduism
Taoism:
178
Emphasizes virtues like love, righteousness, wisdom, and loyalty, which promote social harmony.
Confucianism:
179
Focuses on detachment from desires to eliminate suffering and attain "nirvana," a state of enlightenment or transcendence.
Buddhism:
180
Stresses liberation through the identification of individual spiritual essence (Atman) and universal essence (Brahman).
Hinduism:
181
Advocates for selflessness and aligning oneself with the natural laws of the universe to attain perfection.
Taoism:
182
The Self is not separate but integrated within society. The focus is on interdependence, where individuals are seen as part of a communal whole, and social harmony is prioritized.
Collectivistic:
183
Kapwa refers to shared identity or the concept of "togetherness" with others. It emphasizes a shared self, which can either be inherent or acquired. It operates on two modes: ibang-tao ("outsider") and hindi-ibang-tao ("one-of-us"). This shows how Filipino culture blends both individual identity and social interconnectedness.
Filipino Concept of Kapwa:
184
1. Physiological Aspects of the Self:
Understanding the relationship between the body and self-perception. Your body image impacts how you view yourself, influenced by factors like appearance and ability.
Physical Self:
185
Physical growth is rapid during babyhood, slows in childhood, and continues through adolescence with major changes (e.g., puberty, sexual maturation).
Development Stages
186
Both heredity (genetic traits) and environment (social and physical influences)
shape your physical development.
Factors Affecting Growth:
187
Physical Self Theories: Concepts such as
Physiognomy
Hippocrates'
188
(physical features affecting personality)
Physiognomy
189
Temperaments (Sanguine, Melancholic, Choleric, Phlegmatic) explain how physical traits might influence personality.
Hippocrates' Temperaments
190
is a period of transition between childhood and adulthood.
Adolescence
191
is the period of developmentforaperson ranging fromconceptiontoone’sdeath
Life span
192
is responsible for all theinheritanceoftraitsfrom parents to offspring.
Heredity
193
on the other hand, is responsibleforthegrowth and development of the physical, mental,andsocial traits.
Environment,
194
Theories of Physical Self
Physiognomy:
Hippocrates’ Temperament Theory:
195
suggests that a person’scharacter or personality can be determined through their outer appearance–especially the face
Theory of Physiognomy
196
that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate temperaments and the prominence of body fluids
* Hippocrates theorized
197
The red bile is the predominant humor in these people. They tend to be impulsive, cheerful, happy, and optimistic.
Sanguine
198
The black bile is the predominant humor in these people. They tend to be depressed and pessimistic
Melancholic
199
They have a high amount of phlegmintheirsystems.They tend to be sluggish, dull andslow.
Phlegmatic
200
is soft and plump and is perceived to be easy going and sociable.
Endomorphic body type
201
has a strong muscular body and is perceived to be energetic, adventurous, andsociable.
Mesomorphic body type
202
is tall and thin and is perceived to be socially awkward, introvertedandartistic.
Ectomorphic body type
203
is a person’s perception of their body and physical
appearance.
Body image
204
refers to everything that others can observe about aperson
* Appearance
205
is also related to self-esteem, which is a person’s overall
sense of self-worth or personal value.
Body image
206
suggested a theory that the personalityofanindividual depends on the shapeof his/herface.
Jean Haner in 2008 and Squier &Mewin1981
207
Sexuality and Gender Identity:
Traits like reproductive organs (penis, vagina) present at birth.
.
Primary Sexual Characteristics:
208
Traits like breast development in women and facial hair in men that develop during puberty.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics:
209
Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, and transgender orientations
Sexual Orientation:
210
It is a paired, oval-shaped organ located within the scrotum, responsible for producing sperm and the male hormone testosterone
. Testis –
211
It is a sac of skin where the two testes are enveloped; directly below and outside of the abdomen.
Scrotum –
212
– It is a gland that carries out both urine and seminal fluid. Sperm ducts join into a single tube called the urethra. Urethra then leads to the outsideofthebodythrough penis.
. Prostate glands –
213
It is where the ejaculation occurs by sending sperm cells from the testis and secreting out
d. Penis –
214
It is a male gamete, one that is necessary for the egg to develop and become a baby.
e. Sperm –
215
It is a pair of small, oval organsthatproduces the egg cell. (ovum; femalegermcells).
. Ovary
216
are pairs of thintubesthatleads from ovaries to the uterus.
Fallopian Tube
217
(womb) It is a hollowpear-shapedelastic muscular structurewherefertilizedovum (zygote) develops into baby
Uterus
218
It is a tube leadingtooutsideofthebody through an opening calledthevulva
Vagina
219
Sensitive parts of the body (like mouth, neck, ears, nipples, and genitals) that react to touch and pressure.
Stimulating these areas can bring pleasure and improve sexual health.
Erogenous Zones
220
Start of sexual arousal (signs: quick breathing, erection, wetness).
Arousal/Excitement:
221
Body gets ready for orgasm.
Plateau:
222
Intense pleasure, muscle contractions, ejaculation for males.
Orgasm:
223
Body returns to normal.
Resolution
224
Attracted to opposite sex.
Heterosexual:
225
Attracted to both sexes.
Homosexual:
226
Attracted to same sex (gays and lesbians).
Bisexual:
227
Feels they were born in the wrong body; may undergo surgery.
Transsexual:
228
Doesn't feel fully male or female; may cross-dress or identify differently.
Transgender:
229
include gonorrhea, syphilis, and AIDS.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
230
prevents pregnancy and protects from diseases.
Contraception
231
Types of Contraception:
Natural:
Artificial:
232
No devices (like abstinence, calendar method, withdrawal).
Natural:
233
Use of tools/meds (like condoms, pills, IUDs, injections, surgery like vasectomy/tubal ligation).
Artificial:
