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CCNA by me > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of Cisco IOS Software

A
  • Provides basic routing and switching functions.
  • Enables reliable and secure access to networked resources.
  • Supports network scalability.
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2
Q

What are the different methods to access the Cisco IOS CLI

A
  • Console (physical connection)
  • AUX (auxiliary port for modem access)
  • Telnet/SSH (remote access)
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3
Q

How do you switch from User EXEC to Privileged EXEC mode?

A

Enter the enable command:
Router> enable
Password: [enter password]
Router#

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4
Q

What is the purpose of the show version command

A

Displays:
* IOS version and image name.
* Hardware details (CPU, memory).
* Uptime and configuration register value.
* Boot source (e.g., flash).

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5
Q

What does the show flash command verify?

A

Checks available flash memory for storing IOS images.
Lists files in flash and their sizes.

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6
Q

Describe the router startup sequence.

A

ROM: Loads bootstrap program.
Flash: Locates and loads the Cisco IOS image.
NVRAM: Loads the startup-config (if none, enters Setup Mode).
TFTP Server/Console: Fallback if no config is found.

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7
Q

When does a router enter Setup Mode?

A

When no startup-config exists in NVRAM.
When the user manually runs setup or answers “yes” to the initial dialog.

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8
Q

How do you abort Setup Mode without saving?

A

Ctrl+C.

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9
Q

What are the keyboard shortcuts for CLI navigation?

A

Ctrl+A - Move to line start.
Ctrl+E - Move to line end.
Ctrl+U - Erase entire line.
Ctrl+W - Erase one word.
Ctrl+P (↑) - Recall previous command.
Ctrl+Z - Exit config mode.
? - Context-sensitive help.
TAB - Auto-complete commands.

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10
Q

How do you adjust the command history buffer size?

A

Router(config-line)# history size [0-256]

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11
Q

What do LED indicators on a router signify?

A

Green OK LED: System initialized correctly.
Interface LEDs: Activity status (e.g., Ethernet link).

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12
Q

What is ROMMON mode used for?

A

Password recovery or OS restoration when Flash is corrupted.

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13
Q

What is the difference between Router> and Router# prompts?

A

Router>: User EXEC (limited commands).
Router#: Privileged EXEC (full access).

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14
Q

What does the caret symbol (^) indicate in CLI errors?

A

Points to the exact location of a syntax error in a command.

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15
Q

IOS

A

Internetwork Operating System

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16
Q

CLI

A

Command-Line Interface

a text-based interface where users interact with a computer by typing commands into a terminal or command prompt

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17
Q

NVRAM

A

Non-Volatile RAM

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18
Q

TFTP

A

Trivial File Transfer Protocol

a simple, lightweight protocol used for transferring files

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19
Q

ROMMON

A

ROM Monitor

a bootstrap program that initializes the hardware and boots the Cisco IOS XE software when you power on or reload a router

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20
Q

How do you set a console password

A

Router(config)# line console 0
Router(config-line)# password cisco
Router(config-line)# login

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21
Q

What is the difference between enable password and enable secret?

A

enable password: Stores password in plaintext (less secure).
enable secret: Uses MD5 encryption (preferred; overrides enable password).

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22
Q

How do you encrypt all plaintext passwords in the configuration?

A

Router(config)# service password-encryption

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23
Q

What commands configure an IP address on an interface

A

Router(config)# interface fastethernet 0/0
Router(config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0
Router(config-if)# no shutdown

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24
Q

Why might an interface show “administratively down”?

A

The interface was manually disabled with shutdown. Use no shutdown to activate it.

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25
Q

What is required for a serial link to function?

A

DCE side must provide clocking:
Router(config-if)# clock rate 64000

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26
Q

How do you set a router hostname?

A

Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)#

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27
Q

What does show running-config display?

A

Current configuration in RAM (active but unsaved).

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28
Q

How do you back up a configuration to a TFTP server?

A

Router# copy running-config tftp
Remote host IP: 192.168.1.100
Filename: backup-config

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29
Q

How do you restore a router to factory defaults?

A

Router# erase startup-config
Router# reload

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30
Q

What is the purpose of a loopback interface?

A

A virtual interface that is always up.
Used for testing, routing protocols (e.g., BGP), and stability.

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31
Q

How do you add a static hostname-to-IP mapping?

A

Router(config)# ip host R2 192.168.1.2

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32
Q

What does ip name-server do?

A

Specifies DNS servers for hostname resolution

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33
Q

How do you enable/disable DNS lookup?

A

Enable: ip domain-lookup (default).
Disable: no ip domain-lookup.

34
Q

What information does show hosts display?

A

Permanent (perm): Manually configured.
Temporary (temp): Learned via DNS (expires after 72 hours).

35
Q

How do you configure a login banner?

A

Router(config)# banner motd #
Unauthorized access prohibited! #

36
Q

List critical show commands for troubleshooting.

A

show interfaces - Interface status/statistics.
show controllers serial - Hardware details (e.g., DCE/DTE).
show protocols - Layer 3 protocol status.
show arp - ARP cache.
show flash - IOS files in flash memory.

37
Q

What are the default states of router interfaces?

A

Administratively down (requires no shutdown).

Line protocol down until both ends are configured.

38
Q

DCE/DTE

A

Data Communications Equipment - devices that facilitate data transmission over a network

Data Terminal Equipment - equipment that acts as the endpoint in a communication network,

39
Q

HDLC

A

High-Level Data Link Control

a bit-oriented, synchronous data link layer protocol used for transmitting data between network points,

40
Q

What is Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP)?

A

A Layer 2 protocol that connects lower physical media and upper network layer protocols

41
Q

What information does CDP(Cisco Discovery Protocol) share between neighbors?

A

Device ID (hostname).
Local/Port Interface (e.g., FastEthernet0/0).
Holdtime (default: 180s).
Capabilities (Router, Switch, etc.).
Platform (e.g., WS-C2960).
VTP Domain (CDPv2 only).
Native VLAN (CDPv2 only).

42
Q

How often does CDP send updates?

A

Update timer: 60 seconds (default).

Hold timer: 180 seconds (time before neighbor entry expires).

43
Q

List key CDP commands.

A

show cdp neighbors - Lists connected devices.
show cdp neighbors detail - Detailed neighbor info (IP, IOS version).
show cdp interface - CDP status per interface.
cdp run - Enables CDP globally.
no cdp enable - Disables CDP on an interface.
clear cdp counters - Resets traffic stats.

44
Q

How do you disable CDP globally?

A

Router(config)# no cdp run

45
Q

What is telnet

A

Telnet is a virtual terminal protocol that is part
of the TCP/IP protocol suite.

It allows connections to be made to remote
hosts. Telnet provides a network terminal or
remote login capability.

46
Q

What is the purpose of telnet in network troubleshooting?

A

Tests application-layer connectivity (OSI Layer 7).

Verifies remote device accessibility via TCP port 23.

Requires VTY password configuration on the target device.

47
Q

How do you initiate a Telnet session?

A

Router> telnet 192.168.1.1
Or
Router> connect 192.168.1.1

48
Q

How do you suspend/resume a Telnet session?

A

Suspend: Press Ctrl+Shift+6, then x.

Resume: Type resume [session-ID] or press Enter for the last session.

49
Q

What does ping test?

A

End-to-end connectivity using ICMP Echo Requests/Replies.

Success symbols: ! (reply received), . (timeout).

Extended ping: Adjust packet size/timeout (Router# ping + Enter).

50
Q

What is traceroute

A

The traceroute command is the ideal tool for finding where data is being sent in a network.

51
Q

How does traceroute work?

A

Maps the path to a destination by incrementing TTL values.

Each router decrements TTL; if TTL=0, it sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message.

  • indicates a hop is unreachable.
52
Q

What is the difference between ping and traceroute?

A

Tests end-to-end connectivity. - Identifies each hop in the path.
Uses ICMP. - Uses UDP/ICMP with TTL.
Returns ! or .. - Lists router IPs/hostnames.

53
Q

What is the purpose of debug cdp packets?

A

Logs real-time CDP packet exchanges for troubleshooting.

54
Q

What does show cdp traffic display?

A

Packet statistics: Sent/received, checksum errors.

55
Q

Why might CDP fail to detect a neighbor?

A

CDP disabled on either device.

Layer 1/2 issues (cable, port shutdown).

Non-Cisco device (CDP is Cisco-proprietary).

56
Q

How do you map a network using CDP?

A

Use show cdp neighbors to list devices.

Telnet to neighbors and repeat.

Document device names, interfaces, and IPs.

57
Q

What are the default Telnet (VTY) lines in IOS?

A

Lines 0–4 (supports 5 simultaneous sessions).

58
Q

How do you test DNS resolution on a router?

A

Router# ping hostname

59
Q

CDP

A

Cisco Discovery Protocol.

60
Q

SNAP

A

Subnetwork Access Protocol.

a protocol that helps different network protocols like IP and IPX to operate over common network types such as Ethernet and Wi-Fi

61
Q

TTL

A

Time-To-Live (used in traceroute).

is the length of time or “hops” that a packet may move through a network before being discarded by a router

62
Q

VTY

A

Virtual Teletype (Telnet/SSH access).

virtual interfaces that allow remote access to network devices like routers and switches via protocols like Telnet or SSH.

63
Q

TLV

A

Type Length Values

is an encoding scheme used to represent data in a structured manner, where each piece of data is identified by its type, length, and value.

64
Q

What is the purpose of the configuration register?

A

A 16-bit value in NVRAM that controls boot behavior.

Default: 0x2102 (boot from Flash, check NVRAM for boot system commands).

65
Q

What does the boot field (bits 0–3) in the configuration register determine?

A

0x–0 - Boots into ROM monitor mode (manual recovery).
0x–1 - Boots from ROM (limited IOS).
0x–2 to 0x–F - Checks NVRAM for boot system commands (default: 0x2102).

66
Q

How do you recover a lost router password?

A

Reboot and press Ctrl+Break to enter ROMmon.

Change register to 0x2142 (ignores NVRAM):

rommon> confreg 0x2142
rommon> reset
Reload, then restore original register:

Router(config)# config-register 0x2102

67
Q

What commands verify the IOS boot source?

A

show version: Displays IOS filename and configuration register.

show running-config: Checks for boot system commands.

68
Q

What are symptoms of a corrupted Flash IOS image?

A

Error messages during boot (e.g., open: read error, cannot open “flash:”).

Router fails to load IOS or enters ROMmon mode.

69
Q

What is the Cisco IOS File System (IFS)?

A

Provides a single method to perform all the file
system management that a router uses

70
Q

How do you restore an IOS image via TFTP?

A

Router# copy tftp flash
Address of remote host: 192.168.1.100
Source filename: c2600-js-1_121-3.bin
Erase flash? [confirm]

71
Q

How do you back up a configuration file to a TFTP server?

A

Router# copy running-config tftp
Remote host: 192.168.1.100
Destination filename: router-backup.cfg

72
Q

How do you interpret an IOS filename (e.g., c2600-js-1_121-3.bin)?

A

c2600: Hardware platform (Cisco 2600 series).

js: Feature set (e.g., “j” = enterprise, “s” = extended capabilities).

121-3: Version 12.1(3).

bin: File format (binary executable).

73
Q

What are the key differences between running-config and startup-config?

A

Stored in RAM (volatile). - Stored in NVRAM (persistent).
Active configuration. - Loads at boot.
View with show running-config. - View with show startup-config.

74
Q

How do you copy the running config to NVRAM?

A

Router# copy running-config startup-config

75
Q

What are the ROMmon environment variables used for TFTP recovery?

A

Set in ROMmon to restore IOS:
rommon> IP_ADDRESS=192.168.1.1
rommon> IP_SUBNET_MASK=255.255.255.0
rommon> TFTP_SERVER=192.168.1.100
rommon> TFTP_FILE=c2600-js-1_121-3.bin
rommon> tftpdnld

76
Q

What is Environment variables

A

The environmental variables provide a minimal
configuration to allow for the TFTP of the IOS.

77
Q

How do you troubleshoot a router stuck in ROMmon?

A
  1. Check Flash corruption (use dir flash:).
  2. Verify boot system commands in NVRAM.
  3. Ensure configuration register is correct (e.g., 0x2102).
78
Q

What is the purpose of setup mode?

A

Provides a minimal configuration dialog when no startup-config exists

79
Q

How do you capture a router config to a text file?

A
  1. Use terminal emulator (e.g., HyperTerminal).
  2. Enable text capture.
  3. Run show running-config and save the output.
80
Q

What does show flash display?

A
  • IOS files in Flash memory.
  • Total/used/free space.
81
Q

Cisco IFS

A

Cisco IOS File System

CCNA by me (1 decks)

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