midterm Flashcards
What is the origin of the word ‘Logic’?
It comes from the Greek word λόγος (logos), meaning ‘word’ or ‘meaning’.
What are the main areas where logic has been studied?
Logic has been studied in philosophy, mathematics, and computer science.
What does propositional logic study?
It examines the logical relationships of propositions.
What does predicate logic study?
It examines the internal structure of a proposition.
What are the main types of logic?
Formal logic, informal logic, symbolic logic, and mathematical logic.
What is a paradox?
A statement or group of statements that appear to be true but lead to contradictions.
What is the Barber Paradox?
It questions whether a barber, who shaves all those who do not shave themselves, shaves himself.
What is the Monty Hall paradox?
A probability puzzle where switching choices increases the chance of winning a prize.
What is the missing piece of the puzzle paradox?
A geometric illusion where rearranging shapes creates an apparent missing area.
What is subjective logic?
It is the logic that is taught.
What is metalogic?
It is the logic used in teaching and research.
What is a statement?
A statement is the meaning or content of a sentence, which can be evaluated as true or false.
What are the two truth values in logic?
True (t) and False (f).
What symbols are used for logical operations in statement algebra?
¬ (negation), ∧ (conjunction), ∨ (disjunction), → (implication), ~ (equivalence).
What is an atom in statement algebra?
An elementary formula representing a basic statement, denoted by capital letters like P, Q, R.
What is a molecule in statement algebra?
A compound formula formed by connecting atoms with logical operations.
How do you express ‘If P then Q’ in statement algebra?
P → Q.
What is the order of operations in logical expressions?
Negation (¬), Conjunction (∧), Disjunction (∨), Implication (→), Equivalence (~).
What is the purpose of omitting unnecessary parentheses in logical expressions?
To simplify expressions while preserving their logical meaning.
