Midterm Flashcards
What were the different periods in the Paleolithic? Explain and describe each one.
- Lower, Middle, Upper
- Lower: started 2 mil years ago, start of Acheulian industry
- Middle: Neanderthals used flints
- Upper: art is discovered, cave paintings
Compare the Copper Age with the Bronze Age
Copper: pre-urban society, Bell-beaker culture, rich in agriculture
Bronze: urban society in Mesopotamia and spread
Apart from the “Damas” what other sculptures did the Iberians produce? And the Celt-Iberians?
- Iberians: animal figures and figures of humans fighting animals
- Celt-Iberians: small but elaborate objects and jewelry made out of silver
The Phoenician sarcophagi found in Cadiz have a clear influence from where?
Egypt
Gadir and Ebessus, what were they?
- Gadir, now Cadiz, was the earliest city in Western Europe
- Ebessus, now Ibiza, used to be a Phoenician city-factory before the Carthaginians founded it
What is the significance of Italica?
- Aristocratic city outside of Sevilla
- First Roman city founded on Iberian Peninsula
- birthplace of multiple emperors
The Roman influences came from where? Explain and describe each one.
- Greek and Etruscan
- A lot Roman architecture is a smaller version of what the Greeks had already done: Roman side columns, paintings
- Etruscans: city plan, early paintings
What were the Roman construction techniques and elements?
- Construction techniques: concrete (cheap and easy but ugly), mortar, brick, masonry
- Construction elements: thick walls, square based pillars (for support), decorative/supporting columns
Describe 5 Roman buildings.
Roman House: three types - Domus, Villa, Insula.
Domus: square floor plan, open courtyard, rooms/dining room and fountains
Villa: countryside home for the privileged
Temples: Etruscan design with rectangular floor plan built on a podio that is only accessible with steps. Entrance columns and half columns on the sides. Inside is a statue of the god/goddess the temple was dedicated.
Theater: semicircular building on flat terrain - galleries, corridors and a vomitorium
Amphitheater: two theaters put together, used for fighting events. Arena had a circle shape and sometimes pools. Also had corridors and a vomitorium.
Thermas: public baths with 3 rooms, one with hot pool (caldarium), one with warm pool (tepidarium) and one with cold pool (frigidarium).
Describe the Roman Temple: influences, parts, etc.
Influence: Etruscans, Greeks
Parts: rectangular floor plan, podio with steps, columns by entryway and half columns on the sides (Greek Influence), chamber with statue of god/goddess.
What is an aqueduct?
- bridge that helps get water from a water source into the main city
- some parts run underground and connect to the pipes
What are mosaics?
a type of Roman art combining painted ceramics to form an image
What are the influences of Hispanic-Muslim Art?
- Visigoth: horseshoe arches
- Roman: patios in houses
What are the decorative elements of Hispanic-Muslim Art?
- new uses of nature: animal and human figures
- new materials: wood and stone
- writing started to be used: the use of verses from the Bible
What are the parts of a Mosque?
- Minaret: tower
- Sahn: courtyard
- Sabil: fountain
- Haran: covered area
- Mihrab: semicircular niche, points toward Qibla
- Qibla wall: faces Mecca
What are the historical periods in which we divided Al-Andalus and Hispanic-Muslim Art? Further explain 1 of those periods.
- Caliphal: highly embellished ceilings/inside, Golden age of Islamic art, any other period NOT as embellished
Taifal
Almoravids and Almohads
Nasrid
What is the most significant contribution of Visigoths to architectonic elements?
Horseshoe arches
In areas of Byzantine influences, what floor plan did the Visigoths use?
Greek cross floor plan
What are the periods of Asturian Art? Explain and describe each one.
- Pre-Ramirense: earliest phase of Muslim rule, Roman and Visigothic elements used; basilical floor, semicircle arches, don’t see apse on outside
- Ramirense - height of Asturian art, most unique
- Post-Ramirense - first persecution of Mozerabs, new style of Romanesque starts
Who were the Mozarabs?
- Christians living under Muslim rule in Al-Andalus
- clear Islamic influence in their art
Describe 5 Muslim buildings
- Aqueria: villa/farmhouse
- Alcazar: fortified palace in a city w/ gardens, fountains, patios
- Alcazaba: defence fortification/ castle overlooking city
- Mezquita: local mosque
- Aljama: main Mosque for Fridays
What are the characteristics of Mozarab churches?
- Visigoth and Byzantine floor plans
- Small dimensions
- Caliphal horseshoe arch
- Usually barrel vault
- Thick exterior buttress
What is the significance of the year 622/625 AD? And 711 AD?
- 622: the migration of Muhammad and followers to Mecca
- 625: battle led by Muhammad
- 711: Muslims came into Iberian Peninsula
Spain received two waves of influences during the Romanesque, from where and what architectural elements did they bring?
- France: Big apse
Italy: Independent towers, Blind arch, Lombard arch
