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PSYC 1100 > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology

A

the study of the brain, mental processes, observable behavior, human and animal development, and social interactions

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2
Q

adaptations

A

characteristics that increase chances of survival

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3
Q

behaviorism

A

A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing observable behavior

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4
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

study of the brain, nerves and cells

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5
Q

critical thinking

A

the ability to systematically question and evaluate information using well-supported evidence

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6
Q

culture

A

the beliefs, values, rules and customs that exist within a group of people who share a common language and environment

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7
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging; used to take pictures of the brain

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8
Q

functionalism

A

an approach to psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind and behavior

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9
Q

Gestalt theory

A

A theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from the sum of its constituent elements

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10
Q

humanistic psychology

A

study concerning the goodness of one’s life and how people can become happier and more fulfilled

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11
Q

introspection

A

a systematic examination of subjective mental experiences that requires people to inspect and report on the content of their thoughts

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12
Q

mind/body problem

A

are mind and body separate, or is the mind the physical brain’s subjective experience?

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13
Q

natural selection

A

organisms with better adaptations survive and pass on their genes

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14
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a method developed by Sigmund Freud that attempts to bring the contents of the unconscious into conscious awareness so that conflicts can be revealed

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15
Q

stream of consciousness

A

a continuous series of ever-changing thoughts; coined by William James

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16
Q

structuralism

A

an approach to psychology based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into its basic underlying components

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17
Q

unconscious

A

a place where mental processes operate below the level of conscious awareness

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18
Q

Pavlovian response

A

A trained response learned from associating one thing with another

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19
Q

neutral stimulus

A

Stimulus that does not elicit a response or have one trained to it yet

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20
Q

biopsychology

A

explains behavior and human thought strictly in terms of biological processes

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21
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

examines human thoughts and behaviors in terms of natural selection

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22
Q

cognitive psychology

A

examines behavior and thought in terms of how humans interpret, process and remember information

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23
Q

sociocultural psychology

A

exmines how one’s thoughts and behaviors vary from one in another culture; culture influences the way we act and think

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24
Q

operational definition

A

a definition that describes and measures a variable so it can be understood objectively; defining a variable so it is understood what was measured

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25
hindsight bias
humans tend to think they know more than they do
26
ethics
The morality of something; the harm or good it causes, whether it is right or wrong; Guidelines to something morally correct
27
external validity
the degree to which the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings and situation
28
descriptive research
observing behavior to describe that behavior objectively and systematically
29
control group
group that receives no intervention or an unrelated intervention; a baseline to be compared to
30
experimental group
group that receives treatment
31
accuracy
how correct a measure is; free from error
32
confound
when things are mixed up so the elements / actul cause is hard to distinguish
33
construct validity
the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure
34
correlational studies
describes and predicts how variables are related in real life
35
culturally sensitive research
studies that take into account the role that culture plays in determining thoughts, feelings, actions
36
dependent variable
the variable that gets measured during a study
37
directionality problem
researchers find a relationship between two variables, but cannot determine which variable caused the changes in the other variable
38
experimenter expectancy effect
actual change in the behavior of the subjects being observed due to the expectations of the observer
39
hypothesis
a testable prediction, narrower than the theory it is based on
40
independent variable
the variable that gets manipulated during a study
41
inferential statistics
a set of procedures that enable researches to decide whether differences between two or more groups are by chance or whether they reflect true differences in the populations being compared
42
internal validity
the degree to which the effects observed in an experiment are due to the independent variable and not others
43
meta-analysis
"study of studies" combining the findings of multiple studies to arrive at a conclusion
44
naturalistic observation
study in which the researcher observes passively
45
negative correlation
when one variable increases, the other decreases
46
observer bias
systematic errors in observation that occur because of an observer's expectations
47
population
everyone in the group the researcher is interested in
48
positive correlation
two variables either increase or decrease together
49
reactivity
the phenomenon that occurs when knowledge that one is being observed alters the behavior being observed
50
sample
a subset of a population
51
scatterplot
A graph showing relation between two things; for correlation
52
selection bias
unintended dfferences between participants of different groups; sometimes caused by nonrandom assignment to groups
53
self-report methods
methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves; used to gather data from a large number of people. ex: surveys, questionnaires
54
standard deviation
a statistical measure of how far away each value is, on average, from the mean
55
theory
a model of ideas explainin gan observation, helping one make predictions; based on evidence and research
56
third variable problem
when a researcher cannot manipulate other variables, they cannot be sure that the third uncontrollable variable is not the cause of the differences observed.
57
zero correlation
two variables show no relation between each other
58
central tendency
a measure that represents the typical response or the behavior of the group as a whole; "average" tendency of a group
59
Schools of thought
categories in which aspects of behavior, mental process and social aspects are sorted into
60
John Locke
tabula rasa; humans are born blank slates, and acquire things through the environment
61
William Wundt
Set up the first psychology lab in Leipzig, Germany
62
Max Wertheimer
argued against dividing human thought + behavior into subjects; against structuralism, introduces Gestalt Psychology
63
Sigmund Freud
descrines how the unconscuous mind exerts influence on behavior; first to consider the unconsciousness
64
Ivan Pavlov
classical conditioning
65
John Watson
Demonstrated that responses can be assigned to a neutral stimulus
66
B. F. Skinner
expanded the ideas of behaviorism to include reinforcement and punishment
67
Abraham Maslow
Created the hierarchy of needs

PSYC 1100 (2 decks)

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