Midterm Flashcards
linguistic
pertaining to language
(6 categories)
6 categories of linguistics
- phonetics
- phonology
- morphology
- syntax
- semantics
- pragmatics
phonetics
1/6 linguistic categories
the production, transmission, and perception of speech sounds
phonology
2/6 linguistic categories
how sounds are organized and used: patterns/combinations/distributions
morphology
3/6 linguistic categories
study of word structure and formation; how words are built from morphemes
the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning, either a word or a part of a word. “Worker” = (2) “work” and “-er.”
syntax
4/6 linguistic categories
word order and sentence structure: how words and phrases combine to form sentences
semantics
5/6 linguistic categories
relationship btwn words, phrases, signs and symbols; study of meaning
pragmatics
6/6 linguistic categories
how context contributes to meaning; social interactions (speech acts: intonation)
informal speech - sarcasm
lexicon
the words a speaker knows; vocabulary
grammar
the rules of a language
extralinguistic
factors that affect language (outside of language)
extralinguistic measures:
- geography; borders
- age
- gender
- education
input
stimuli:
* auditory (sound)
* experience (environment)
infant directed speech (IDS), point-and-say
output
production of sounds and language
response to input: imitating sounds and reproducing words
processing
taking input > organizing and understanding > in order to produce output
poverty of stimulus
environment does not provide the necessary stimuli/input to acquire language
input is too poor for the richness of language
critical period hypothesis
developmental stage, after which learning a language as a monolingual speaker becomes more difficult
over/under extension
the use of a linguistic feature in too broad (over) or too specific (under) of a category
mutual exclusivity assumption
assumption that no two words have the exact meaning
if a child knows the name of a concept > will reject a 2nd label
principle of contrast
if two labels apply to the same word, the must be some variation in meaning
referential intent
intent to refer to specific and contextually obvious elements
syntactic bootstrapping
using syntactic properties (word order) to infer meaning
Yuan & Fisher (2009): “blicking”
classifying nouns: mass/count nouns
classifying verbs: (in)transitive verbs
semantic bootstrapping
using contextual semantic elements (physical objects, actors, actions) to infer meaning
continuity hypothesis
children and adults have similar/equal grammar
stages of acquisition
Traxler (2011)
bilingualism
linguistic knowledge of 2 or more languages (multilingualism)
definitons vary according to study
second language (L2)
language learned after the critical period
not a heritaage speaker?
L2 learner: someone learning after the critical period
linguistic and grammatical competence
Geesin et al. (2021)
knowledge that a speaker has about the grammaticality of a language
“speaking properly”
recognize the rules of the language to produce “well formed utterances” (Scotton 2006)
communicative competence
Geesin et al. (2021)
knowledge to interpret a speaker’s intended social/pragmatic meaning
≠ literal meaning
native speakers need not be taught competence > acquire unconsciously
interlanguage
Geesin et al. (2021)
developing language system that L2 learners possess - influenced by the fully developed language systems of the learner
L2 learner’s evolving language system as they acquire language
Geesin et al. 2022
implicit knowledge
Geesin et al. (2021)
knowledge that is inherit; cannot be explained
w/out conscious operations (Geesin et al. 2022)
unconscious > automatic
explicit knowledge
Geesin et al. (2021)
knowledge gained through conscious learning
declarative
Type I Variation
Geesin et al. (2021)
non-canonical variation:
alternating between forms found in the native speaker’s system and forms not found in that system
applying english verb form “to be” to spanish verb conjugation
Type II Variation
Geesin et al. (2021)
variation acceptable w/in monolingual/native norms
influence of linguistic and social factors
formal vs informal verb conjugation/word order
balanced bilingual
someone who speaks 2 languages w/equal proficiency
unlikely/rare
heritage speaker
bilingual who has acquired a family language and dominant societal language
naturally and in early childhood (before critical period?)
Wiese et al. 2022
socio-economic mobility
ability to change socio-economic status
Scotton 2006
