Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
What does individualism emphasize in a culture?
A
Importance of individual identity over group identity, individual rights over group rights, and individual needs over group needs.
Individualism promotes self-efficiency, individual responsibility, and personal autonomy.
2
Q
What is collectivism in cultural values?
A
Emphasis on ‘we’ identity over ‘I’ identity, group rights over individual rights, and ingroup needs over individual wants and desires.
Collectivism promotes relational interdependence, ingroup harmony, and ingroup collaborative spirit.
3
Q
Fill in the blank: Individualism promotes _______.
A
[self-efficiency]
4
Q
Fill in the blank: Collectivism promotes _______.
A
[relational interdependence]
5
Q
What is the ‘I’ identity associated with?
A
Individualistic cultures.
This identity focuses on personal achievements and independence.
6
Q
What is the ‘we’ identity associated with?
A
Collectivistic cultures.
This identity emphasizes group cohesion and collective well-being.
7
Q
What type of family structure is common in individualistic cultures?
A
Nuclear family.
8
Q
What type of family structure is common in collectivistic cultures?
A
Extended family.
9
Q
What communication pattern is preferred in individualistic cultures?
A
Direct communication patterns.
10
Q
What communication pattern is preferred in collectivistic cultures?
A
Indirect communication patterns.
11
Q
Is individual competition a characteristic of individualistic or collectivist cultures
A
A characteristic of individualistic cultures.
12
Q
Is relational harmony a characteristic of individualist or collectivist cultures
A
A characteristic of collectivistic cultures.
13
Q
Fill in the blank: The independent self is associated with _______ cultures.
A
[individualistic]
14
Q
Fill in the blank: The interdependent self is associated with _______ cultures.
A
[collectivistic]
15
Q
True or False: Individualistic cultures emphasize ingroup collaborative spirit.
A
False.
16
Q
True or False: Collectivism promotes ingroup emphasis.
A
True.
17
Q
Where is high individualism found?
A
High individualism is found in the United States, Australia, Great Britain, Canada, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Italy, Belgium, Denmark, and Sweden.
18
Q
What are the top individualist values?
A
The top individualist values are freedom, honesty, social recognition, comfort, hedonism, and personal equity.
19
Q
What are the top collectivist values?
A
The top collectivist values are harmony, face-saving, filial piety, equality in the distribution of rewards among peers, and fulfillment of others’ needs.
20
Q
What is ingroup collectivism?
A
Ingroup collectivism refers to the sentiment of loyalty and solidarity between employees and their organization or ingroup community.
21
Q
What is institutional collectivism?
A
Institutional collectivism refers to the institutional perspective in enforcing ingroup norms, cohesion, and motivational incentives.
22
Q
Where is high collectivism found
A
Asia, Africa, central and south America pacific islands
23
Q
A
24
Q
What do people in small power distance cultures tend to value?
A
Equal power distributions, equal rights and relations, equitable rewards and punishments based on performance.
25
What is a characteristic of large power distance cultures regarding power distribution?
Acceptance of unequal power distributions and hierarchical rights.
26
In small power distance cultures, what represents an ideal to strive toward?
Equality of personal rights.
27
What is a fundamental way of life in large power distance cultures?
Respect for power hierarchy.
28
What is the communication style in small power distance cultures?
Informal communication patterns.
29
Fill in the blank: In small power distance cultures, children may ________ parents.
contradict
30
What is expected from subordinates in small power distance cultures?
Consultation.
31
What do large power distance cultures emphasize in terms of status?
Status-based differences.
32
Fill in the blank: In large power distance cultures, older people are considered ________.
wise
33
What do teachers in small power distance cultures do regarding feedback?
Ask for feedback.
34
What is a key aspect of family dynamics in large power distance cultures?
Children should obey parents.
35
What is weak (or low) uncertainty avoidance?
Cultures with weak or low uncertainty avoidance encouraging risk taking and conflict approaching modes
36
What is strong (or high) uncertainty avoidance?
Cultures with strong or high uncertainty avoidance prefer clear procedures and conflict avoidance.
37
Where are weak uncertainty avoidance culures found?
Examples are Singapore, Jamaica, Denmark, Sweeden, Ireland, the U.K., and the U.S.
38
Where are strong uncertainty avoidance cultures found?
Examples are Greece, Portugal, Guatemala, Uruguay, Belgium, Japan
39
What are some characteristics of weak uncertainty avoidance cultures?
1. Uncertainty is valued
2. In families, children are given more freedom to have their own opinions and ideas
3. High relationship mobility
4. Challenges are welcome
5. Encourage risk taking at work
6. Conflict can be positive
40
What ate some characteristics of strong uncertainty avoidance cultures?
1. Uncertainty is a threat
2. Family rules are reinforced
3. Low relationship mobility
4. Routines are welcome
Encourage clear procedures at work
5. Conflict is negative
41
Define culture. What is it?
Culture is a complex frame of reference that consists of patterns of traditions, beliefs, values, norms, meanings, and symbols. It is shared by varying degrees with interacting members of a community.
42
Define low-context communication
Low-context communication styles emphasize how intention or meaning is expressed through explicit verbal messages.
43
Define high-context communication
High-context communication systems emphasize how intention or meaning is conveyed through embedded contexts (such as social roles, types of relationships, and intergroup history) and nonverbal channels ( pauses, silences, tone of voice).
44
What are some characteristics of low-context communication cultures
1. Tend to be individualistic
2. Linear logic
3. Direct verbal style
4. Matter-of-fact tone
5. Verbal assertiveness
45
What are some characteristics of high-context communication cultures
1. Tend to be collectivist
2. Spiral logic
3. Indirect verbal style
4. Understated or animated/affective tone
5. Formal verbal style
6. Verbal reticence or silence
46
Examples of low-context cultures
Germany, USA, Denmark, U.K.
47
Examples of high-context cultures
China, Mexico, South Korea, Saudi Arabia
48
What is direct verbal style
With a direct verbal style, statements tend to reveal the speaker's intention with clarity and are enunciated with a forthright tone of voice.
49
What is indirect verbal style
With an indirect style statements tend to camouflage the speaker's actual intentions and are carried out with a softer tone.
50
What is a self-enhacement verbal style?
In low-context cultures emphasizing the importance of one's self or one's credentials or achievements is emphasized
51
What is self-humbling verbal style
In high-context cultures it is important to downplay one's self with modest talk, restraint, hesitation, and self-deprecating messages concerning one's performance or achievements.
52
What is the status-equality style
Status-equality - low context cultures promote symmetrical interaction regardless of age , rank, or status.
53
What is the Status-sensitive style?
Status-sensitive - promote importance of asymmetrical interactions and recognition of rank, age, hierarchical roles, and even gender.
54
Define race
A group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features. They may also share similar cultural or social backgrounds
55
56
Define ethnicity
Ethnicity is national origin, race, religion, or language
57
58
What are values?
Values are shared ideas about what counts as important or unimportant, right or wrong, fair or unfair, ethical or unethical.
59
What is the identity meaning function of cultural values?
Cultural values can provide a frame of reference for the question "Who am I?"
60
What is the ingroup-outgroup function of cultural values?
Cultural values help group membership perceptions
61
What is the explanatory function of cultural values?
Cultural values help explain or make sense of "why" people in another culture have different behaviors
62
What is the motivational function of cultural values?
Cultural values are the internal drive of self and others in terms of what rewards.or punishments are emphasized
63
What are some cultural value categories?
-Individualism vs collectivism
-Small vs large power distance
-Weak vs strong uncertainty avoidance
- femininity vs masculinity
64
What is horizontal self?
Individuals who endorse the horizontal self prefer informal-symmetrical interactions (equal treatment) regardless of age, rank, gender.
65
What is vertical self?
Individuals who emphasize the vertical self prefer formal asymmetrical interactions (differential treatment) giving respect to age, rank, title, experience, and sometimes gender.
66
What are culturally shared beliefs?
Culturally shared beliefs refer to a set of fundamental assumptions or worldviews that people hold dear to their hearts without question.
67
Elwhat is an ethnocentric mindset?
Ethnocentric mindset is stuck in our own cultural worldview and using our own cultural values as the baseline and standard to evaluate another's cultural behavior.
68
What are six practical reasons to study intercultural communication?
1. The impacts of technology on everyday intercultural communication
2. The global and domestic diversity workforce
3. The "new norm": non traditional interpersonal relationships
4. Global Healthcare concerns and opportunities
5. Personal empowerment, social advocacy and social justice
6. Inclusivity reason: increasing self-awareness and other-sensitivity
69
What is a stereotype
A stereotype is an overgeneralization toward a group of people without any attempt to perceive individual variations.
70
What is prejudice
Prejudice is about biased, inflexible prejudgements and antagonistic feelings about outgroup members.
71
Define discrimination
Discrimination often refers to agitating or hostile behaviors directed towards marginalized groups.
72
Define direct institutional discrimination
Direct institutional discrimination is when there is community-prescribed endorsement of discrimination
73
74
What is acculturation
Acculturation refers to the long-term incremental identity-related change process of immigrants and refugees in a new environment.
75
Describe the intercultural aculturation process
The intercultural acculturation process is defined as the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to and unfamiliar one. It does not happen overnight -- it is gradual.
76
What is enculturation
Enculturation refers to the sustained, primary socialization process of individuals in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized theor primary heritage values.
77
What is a co-culture
A distinct group within a larger culture that has unique values , beliefs, norms, and communication practices. It is often marginalized or non-dominant
78
79
What does co-culture theory say
It says that co-cultures such as African-Americans develop context ethnic-cultural identities because of their position in the larger U.S. society.
80
Define ingroup
Ingroups are groups that we feel emotionally close and with whom we share an interdependent fate, such as family or extended family, our society, our place of worship, or people from our own cultural or ethnic heritage group.
81
Define outgroup
Outgroups are gtiyos either whim er feel no emotional ties and may experience great psychological distance and competitiveness against them.
82
What is cultural identity
Cultural identity is defined as the emotional significance that we attach to our sense of belonging or affiliation with the larger (national) culture.
83
What is cultural identity salience
Cultural identity salience refers to the strength of affiliation we have with our larger culture
84
What is ethnic identity
Ethnic identity refers to interpretative ancestral heritage and perceived ingroup communal ties , as well as beliefs about the origin of one's forebears. It can be based on historical origin, race, language, or perceived distinctive traits as a particular group
85
What is ethnic identity salience
Ethnic identity salience is defined as the subjective allegiance or loyalty to a group -- large or small, culturally dominant or subordinate -- with which one has ancestral links
86
Define Frame switching
Frame switching emphasizes having double cultural and cognitive knowledge about two cultural or ethnic-racial groups. An individual can also engage in functional behavioral adaptability when facing one of the two group's audiences.
87
Define Identity switching
Identity switching involves the switching of deeper affective belonging and identity distancing issues
88
Define cultural norms
Cultural norms refer to the collective expectations of what constitutes proper or improper behavior in a given interaction scene.
89
What is Normative culture
Normative culture refers to the shared experiences and shared traditions and customs on a collective, group membership level
90
What do Culturally shared traditions include
Rituals, myths, legends, and ceremonies
91
What is the activity value orientation
There are 3 types
1. The doing solution
2. The being solution
3. The being in becoming solution
92
What is cultural identity achievement
Actively looking for or finding your culturral/ethnic/racial identity(s)
93
What are the 4 levels of the staircase model
1. Unconscious incompetence: individuals have no cultural-sensitive knowledge to communicate competently, but they do not realize they are incompetent.
2. Conscious incompetence: individuals have some notion that they behave incompetently but they do not fix it
3. Conscious competence: individuals actively pursue new intercultural knowledge to improve their communication skills
4. Unconscious competence: individuals know how to adapt and communicate with people from other cultures.
94
People nature orientation
1.By controlling or mastering their environment cultural members can increase productivity and efficiency and accumulate material security and comfort.
2. Being in harmony with nature or flowing value solution is when the outlook on life tends to emphasize spiritual transformation
3. Subjugation or yielding to nature. More fatalistic
95
Internal locus of control
Individuals with an internal locus of control tend to emphasize free will, individual motivation, personal effort, and personal responsibility when it comes to the success or failure of an assignment.
96
External locus of control
Individuals woth an external locus of control emphasize external determinism, karma, fate, and external forces shaping a person's life happenings and events.
97
High tolerance for ambiguity
High tolerance for uncertainty and confusion. These individuals are much more accepting of multiple interpretations and tend to go with the flow
98
Low tolerance for ambiguity
Individuals have a hard time with uncertainty and like clear rules and regulations. They seek definite answers and like to stick to what they know
99
Define Cultural shock
Cultural shock refers to sl a stressful perod when individuals move from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one. There is and intense feeling of not being at home and a sense of non belonging
100
Define cultural shock
A stressful situation when moving from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one. An intese feeling of bot being at home and not belonging
101
Define reentry shcok
When an individual must realign their values and identity when returning to their home culture
102
