Midterm

Question 1

Cabeza de Vaca

Answer 1

early Spanish explorer who provided descriptions of nonsedentary people living in Texas and across northern Mexico.

Question 2

Isabel of Castile

Answer 2

Queen of Castile, a kingdom located in the middle of modern-day Spain.

Question 3

Hernán Cortés

Answer 3

conquered the Aztec Empire in 1519

Question 4

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 4

Arrived in Peru in 1531 and conquered the Incas

Question 5

Moctezuma

Answer 5

leader of the Aztec Empire who fell from power when taken hostage by Cortés during the invasion of Tenochtitlan in 1521.

Question 6

Bartolomé de las Casas

Answer 6

a Catholic missionary who renounced the Spainsh practice of coercively converting Indians and advocated for their better treatment.

Question 7

Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz

Answer 7

a 17th century Mexican nun who became a leading intellectual of her day. She was eventually silenced for activities considered inappropriate for women.

Question 8

Xica da Silva (pelí)

Answer 8

an enslaved African-Brazilian woman who rises to power and influence with her sexuality.

Question 9

King João

Answer 9

Kind of Brazil whose court in Rio de Janeiro became the political center of the Portuguese-speaking world in 1808.

Question 10

Miguel Hidalgo

Answer 10

he led the first uprising for Mexican independence in 1810.

Question 11

José María Morelos

Answer 11

Hidalgo’s lieutenant, and later, Mexico’s second major leader of independence.

Question 12

Tupac Amarú II

Answer 12

a Peruvian claiming descent from Inca rulers who led a failed Indigenous rebellion in the 1780s.

Question 13

Simón Bolívar

Answer 13

the greatest leader of Latin America independence struggles, called “the Liberator” ín Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.

Question 14

José de San Martín

Answer 14

an Argentine general who created an army of Argentine-Chilean patriots that became one of the most imp. military forces in the fight for independence in South America.

Question 15

Juan Manuel de Rosas

Answer 15

a caudillo who dominated Argentina from 1829 to 1852.

Question 16

Antonio López de Santa Anna

Question 17

Francisco Morazán

Question 18

Pedro I

Answer 18

the first monarch of the independent Empire of Brazil, which separated from Portugal in 1822.

Question 19

Empress Leopoldina

Question 20

Manuela de Rosas

Question 21

Camila O’ Gorman

Question 22

Liberalism

Answer 22

1-3 sentence definition

Question 23

Nationalism

Question 23

Encounter

Answer 23

formerly called “the Discovery of America,” the Encounter marks the moment when the world of native americans collided with the world of Europeans.

Question 24

Pampas

Answer 24

a nonsedentary Indigenous people who, before disappearing, gave their name to the fertile and well-watered grasslands of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Question 25

Sendentary/Non-sedentary/Semi-sendentary

Answer 25

Sendentary: patterns of indigenous life that occurred most often in highland environments. Semi-sendentary: patterns of indigenous life that were typical of forest environments. Non-sedentary: patterns of indigenous life that were typical of grasslands.

Question 26

Tupi/Tupinambá

Answer 26

semisendentary, forest-dwelling people who inhabited large parts of Brazil at the arrival of the Portuguese.

Question 27

Inca Empire

Answer 27

empire of Quecha-speaking rulers in the Andean valley of Cuzco that encompassed a population of 4 to 6 million. (conquered by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro in 1533)

Question 28

Aztec Empire

Question 29

Tenochtitlan

Question 30

Mayas

Question 31

Iberia/Iberians

Answer 31

the peninsula defining the southwestern extreme of Europe, separated from France by the

Question 32

Reconquest of Iberia

Question 33

Encomienda

Answer 33

an institution whereby groups of indigenous people were legally "entrusted" to a Spanish conquerer with the duty of paying him labor and/or tribute. In return, the holder was to provide instruction in the Christian religion.

Question 34

Silver mining

Question 35

Royal Fifth

Question 36

Viceroy/Viceroyalty

Question 37

Sugar Plantations

Question 38

Hegemony

Answer 38

refers to the capacity of a small ruling elite to dominate a large populace by making their rule appear natural and inevitable.

Question 39

Patriarchy

Question 40

Transculturation

Answer 40

the creative interaction between two cultures, resulting in a new culture.

Question 41

Bandeirantes

Question 42

Bourbon/Pombaline Reforms

Answer 42

reforms initiated by the Bourbon dynasty of Spain and royal minister Marquis de Pombal in Portugal that sought to tighten control over their New World colonies in the 1700s.

Question 43

Caste System

Answer 43

a social hierarchy encoded in law and based on inherited characteristics.

Question 44

Haitian Revolution

Answer 44

the great slave uprising led by Toussaint L'Ouverture that began in the French colony of Haiti in 1791 and resulted in the elimination of slavery and the foundation of the Republic of Haiti.

Question 45

Creoles (Criollos)

Answer 45

poeple of Spanish descent born in the New World.

Question 46

Postcolonialism

Question 47

Patronage Politics

Question 48

Peninsulars

Answer 48

a Spaniard resident in the New World during the Independence period.

Question 49

Americanos

Answer 49

the nativist term used during the wars of independence ot suggest a natural alliance among all people born in America against the Spaniards and Portuguese.

Question 50

Caudillo leadership

Answer 50

a strong political leader who commands the personal loyalty of many followers. The mid-1800s.

Question 51

Regency

Question 52

Costumbrismo

Answer 52

an artistic and literary form dedicated to depicting national customs and lifeways during the mid-1800s.

Question 53

Caste War of Yucatán

Answer 53

the most prolonged indigenous rebellion in 19th century Latin America.

Question 54

Guano