Midterm Flashcards
What is history?
Simple answer
* Examination of change over time
* Trying to understand why these changes occurred
* Making connections to the present
* Historians use a variety of methods and tools
* Various types of history (political, economic, social, and so on)
* “Top-down” and “Bottom-up” approaches
When did Portuguese Exploration begin?
mid-13th C
What made it possible for the Portuguese Exploration to explore?
- While developing their trade networks, they became skilled at sailing against the wind to return
- Papal (pope) support
Spanish Conquest of the Americas: conquest of the Aztec
- Cortés forms alliances with indigenous
groups such as the Tlaxcala - Arrive at Tenochtitlan in November 1519
- Meets with Moctezuma II
- Stayed in Tenochtitlan as for several months
- Cortés, the conquistadors, and allies
capture Moctezuma II - Moctezuma II is killed
- Population of city rise up against the Spanish
In spite of heavy losses,
Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance
attacks Tenochtitlan again in
May 1521 - Smallpox contributed to defeat
of the Aztecs - Cortés establishes new capital on
site of Tenochtitlan
Beginning of systematic
conquest - Ongoing resistance to
Spanish
Who were the Aztecs civilization?
- Alliance of people from Tenochtitlan
and other city-states - Expands through warfare
- Warfare important to Aztec society
- Captives for labor and religious sacrifies
- Highly advanced culture
- Hierarchical society
- Knowledge of mathematics, astronomy,
and engineering - Written records and oral poetry
Spanish Conquest of the Americas: conquest of the Incas
- Atahualpa hoped to create a trap for the
Spanish - Spanish captured Atahualpa, ransomed him
for gold, then executed him - Spain took over capital of Cuzco in 1533
- Continued resistance to Spanish and
warfare continued until the 1570s - Fighting among Spanish settlers as well
Who were the Incas civilization?
- Lived in the Andes and
were more remote and
isolated - 1483- Hereditary rule
declares himself emperor
and begins the expansion
of the Incan empire - Empire well organized
and had network of roads
for communication
Communicated using colored and
knotted cords - Used llamas as pack animals
- Integrated territories they conquered by
spreading their religion and language - By the time of Spanish invasion, the
Incan empire was already weakened - Civil war
- Smallpox
*Incan leader Atahualpa seized control
around the time Pizarro was leading the
Spanish to invade
How did the conquistadors depict their conquest vs the reality? What advantages did they really have?
Conquistadors painted image of
Spain triumphing over the
indigenous population but in reality they had advantages of
* steel, guns, horses, and dogs
* Assisted by spread of disease
* Used allies and divisions with the
Incan and Aztec empires
The Slave Trade: Where do the slaves come from?
Africa
The Slave Trade: Death rates of slaves between capture and being sold
15% to 25%
The Slave Trade: Where the slaves ended up in the Americas
- 45% went to Portuguese Brazil
- 45% to places in Caribbean
- 3% to North American colonies
The Holy Roman Empire: Boundaries and make-up
- Lands we associate with Austria, Czech
Republic, Germany and other parts of
central Europe - Different dynastic families held power
- Role of Electors
- Role of marriage alliances
- Emergence of Habsburg dynasty
The Reformation: Why rulers may have converted?
Some princes and rulers become protestants
* Religious reasons
* Way to challenge emperor’s power and assert own
* Confiscation of lands and property
Relationship between religion and different types or styles of government
- Stronger, centralized governments tended
to remain Catholic
The Reformation: Key figures
- Martin Luther:
A German theologian who sparked the Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church’s practices, particularly the selling of indulgences, through his “Ninety-Five Theses.” - John Calvin:
A French theologian who developed a system of Protestant theology emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God, which significantly influenced the Reformation in Switzerland and beyond - Henry VIII:
King of England who broke from the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England, primarily to obtain a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon - Huldrych Zwingli:
A Swiss reformer whose teachings focused on a more literal interpretation of the Bible, leading to significant changes in the Swiss Church
The Wars of Religion: Why they were fought?
- securing religious freedom for one’s faith,
- gaining political control,
- defending against perceived threats from the opposing religious group.
- Treaty of Augsburg
Delicate balance, but problematic
Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic
Other religious groups were not legal
People could move
Gave more power to the princes
The Wars of Religion: The St.Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (April 24, 1572)
* King’s sister (Catholic) was marrying Henry of Navarre
(Protestant) to help smooth out some religious tensions
* Huguenots (Protestant) came to the wedding but were massacred by the soldiers
* Other protestants were killed by mobs and their things
looted
* Often blamed on Catherine de’ Medici, but may not
have been her fault
* Fear spread to countryside
* Renewed wars of religion
The Wars of Religion: The General Resolution (the Peace of Augsburg in 1555)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
becomes permanent, but now
* Religion of ruler became religion of that region
* Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic or Calvinist
* People could move
* Gave more power to the princes
Who were the Habsburgs?
They were catholics that dominate Holy Roman Empire. Ruled Spain and Holy Roman Empire
The Peace of Augsburg
First:
* Treaty of Augsburg is signed in 1555
* Legalized Lutheranism
* Religion of ruler became religion of that region
* Delicate balance, but problematic
* Regions could only be Lutheran or Catholic
* Other religious groups were not legal
* People could move
* Gave more power to the princes
* Charles V abdicates and Habsburg Empire split
into two sections
Then:
* then included calvinist
Write 5 sentences about Martin Luther.
- Born November 10, 1483 in Eisleben (Saxony), Germany
- Studied to become a lawyer but then changed to become a monk after stuck in a thunderstorm
- Wrote Ninety-Five Theses (1517) about indulgences about reducing time in purgatory
- Translated New Testament into German
- Anti-Semitism after not being able to convert them
- Advocated for schools in cities
Write 5 sentences about John Calvin
- Born in France in 1509
- Believed in predestination that the teaching that God determined the slavation or damniation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works
- In 1533 he experienced a religious ciris, and converted to Protestantism
*Established a Christian community for many Protestant reformers called Geneva based on this principles - His wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion
Write 5 sentences about Huguenots
- French Calvinists are known as Huguenots
- Many Huguenots live in big cities
- Huguenots came to the wedding but were massacred by
the soldiers during St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (April 24, 1572) - Edict of Nantes (1598): allows Huguenots to live
and worship in 150 fortified cities - The Huguenots fought for religious freedom in the Wars of Religion and at the start of the Thirty Years War.
Write 5 sentences about Politiques
- Protestant and Catholic moderates
- Worked to find way to preserve France
- Strong monarchy and allow Huguenots
- Henry of Navarre (groom) becomes Henry IV and
converts to Catholicism - Edict of Nantes (1598): allows Huguenots to live
and worship in 150 fortified cities - Helped to pave way for absolutist
Write 5 sentences about Henry Navarre/Henry IV
- Henry of Navarre (groom) becomes Henry IV and
converts to Catholicism - King’s sister (Catholic) was marrying Henry of Navarre
(Protestant) to help smooth out some religious tensions - Huguenots came to the wedding but were massacred by
the soldiers St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (April 24, 1572) - Renewed wars of religion
- Was a politique
Write 5 sentences about Charles V
- Rules large empire including
Spain and the Holy Roman
Empire - Because of wars with France
and the Ottomans, Charles is
less focused on the Holy
Roman Empire - Charles believed he was defender of faith and defender of
state - Charles decides that protestants should
return to Catholic church and return seized
property in Imperial Diet at Augsburg in 1530 - Schmalkaldic League formed in 1531 and he was too busy to deal with it and then Charles V able to focus on Schmalkaldic League after settling situation with France
(1544) and the Ottoman Empire (1545). - Charles V abdicates and Habsburg Empire split
into two sections
Write 5 sentences about Aboslutism
- Complete authority to rule given to the
monarch who was chosen by God to rule
*Henry IV:Began reign in 1589 and was founder
of the Bourbon dynasty - Louis XIII:Richelieu concerned about
Huguenots but more
worried about Habsburgs - Louis XIV: “sun king”/ court life in Versailles (center power)/Claimed stood between French people and
disorder
Write 5 sentences about Louis XIVWrite 5 sentences about Louis XIV
- Became king in 1643
- “Sun King”
- Claimed stood between French people and
disorder - Part of way he gained support
was through court life he
developed at Versailles of nobilitiy - King gave out privileges and honors (special time)
Write 5 sentences about Philosophes
- A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
- In the mid-eighteenth century France became a hub of Enlightenment
- Voltair: Deism/Religious tolerance/Opposition to authoritarian governments/Progress
*Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract (1762)
Positive and negative freedom/Give up some freedom to belong to society which makes us safer/General will and popular sovereignty - Influence on American “Founding Fathers”
Write 5 sentences about Enlightenmnet
- “The influential intellectual and cultural movement of the
late 17th and 18th centuries that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress” - “An awakening of appreciation for knowledge and reason”
- From about 1690-1790
- Connected to changes brought by Renaissance, the
Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution:Builds on some trends and ideas/Reaction against others
Write 5 sentences about Deism
- distant, noninterventionist god
- Rational religion
- God as a watchmaker
- Idea held by many of the American
“Founding Fathers” - Separation between church and state
Write 5 sentences about Rationalism
- A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith and everything was to be submitted to reason
- Secular, critical mindset
- Reason not just faith
Write 5 sentences about The Scientific Method
- One of the figures who helped to develop the scientific
method-GALILEO - Rationalism
- Individuals involved in Scientific Revolution tended to be religious and wanting to honor God through their work
Essay: Describe the role that sugar played in the development of the slave trade. Please be sure to include information about the work involved in growing sugar, the agricultural systems needed to make it profitable, and why it created the demand for slaves from Africa.
- Hard to cultivate and make profit from it
-Plant seed-stems by hand
-Need to harvest and process quickly
-Constant production - Roller mills helped
- Used indigenous people for labor at first, then African slaves
- Very hard work
- Death rates high so demand for new slaves remained high
- Slaves and sugar on islands the Caribbean
- Large sugar plantations very profitable
- Spread of sugar = profits
- French and British want these lucrative Caribbean islands and
also begin slave plantations in Caribbean - British colonies in North America start to use model of slave
labor on plantations from Brazil - Slave trade not as important to New England colonies
- Boom in slave trade is related to growth of plantation agriculture
Essay: Do you think Martin Luther can be considered a rebel? Why or why not? Using material from the lecture and textbook, please explain your position. Your response should include information about Luther’s beliefs and how it differed from the Catholic church information about the interactions between Luther and the Catholic church and religious and political figures.
- Rebel: someone who challenges an
established power - Johann Tetzel was selling indulgences
- Wanted to start an academic debate about
this topic - Wrote Ninety-Five Theses (1517)
- Wanted to address issue he saw within church,
but meant it to be part of dialogue within
church - Had a reforming dynamic to it, but could also
be provocative - Bishop Albrecht of Mainz sees this as
challenge to papal power and authority
Luther’s ideas about faith begin to
change - Justification through faith (Romans 1:17)
- Traditionally, salvation was based on a
combination of what humans and God
did - Luther argued it was an act of divine
grace
Imperial Diet at Augsburg 1518 - Cardinal Cajetan claimed Luther was questioning Church’s ability to
distribute “treasury of merits” - Luther was therefore contradicting a papal bull
- Luther insisted that faith was necessary
Imperial Diet at Augsburg 1518 - Luther insists he can’t recant unless shown how he is wrong
- Ends up fleeing to Wittenberg and appeals the decision
- Pope Leo X issues papal bull about doctrine of indulgences and ability
of church to grant them - Luther is contradicting church and pope and stops publicly debating
this for a period of time - However, others have taken up his argument and the issue was
spreading beyond just Luther - Luther’s beliefs are not completely new but was able to bring new
attention to the topic
