Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
Parts of a neuron (5)
A
cell body, dendrites, axon, axon hillock, myelin sheath
2
Q
cell body
A
nucleus and organelles of a neuron
3
Q
Axon
A
The extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
4
Q
Dendrite
A
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
5
Q
Axon Hillock
A
Cone shaped region of an axon where it joins the cell body. where nerve impulses originate from
6
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next
7
Q
schwann cells
A
produce myelin in PNS
8
Q
oligodendrocytes
A
form myelin sheath in CNS
9
Q
parts of a synapse (3)
A
presynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft, postsynaptic neuron
10
Q
synapse
A
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
11
Q
presynaptic neuron
A
conducts impulses toward the synapse
12
Q
postsynaptic neuron
A
transmits impulses away from the synapse
13
Q
synaptic cleft
A
the narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell
14
Q
parts of presynaptic neuron (2)
A
synaptic vesicle, Ca2+ voltage channels
15
Q
Synaptic vesicles
A
membrane-bounded compartments in which synthesized neurotransmitters are kept
16
Q
Ca2+ voltage channels
A
allows influx of Ca2+ into the axon terminals, found only in transmissive segment = causes release of NTs into the synapse
17
Q
gray matter
A
neuron cell bodies and dendrites
18
Q
white matter
A
myelinated axons
19
Q
cerebral cortex
A
outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells, gray matter of the brain
20
Q
central sulcus
A
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
21
Q
transverse fissure
A
separates cerebrum from cerebellum
22
Q
lateral fissure
A
separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
23
Q
frontal lobe
A
a region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
24
Q
primary motor cortex
A
the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement
25
broca's area
controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
26
orbitofrontal cortex
area of the frontal lobe involved in learning and decision-making
27
olfactory bulb
a brain structure located above the nasal cavity beneath the frontal lobes
28
parts of the frontal lobe (4)
primary motor cortex, broca's area, orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory bulb
29
parietal lobe
receives sensory input for touch and spatial awareness
30
primary somatosensory cortex
the region of the anterior parietal lobe whose primary input is from the somatosensory system
31
somatosensory association cortex
responsible for body position/orientation in space
32
primary gustatory cortex
primary site involved with the interpretation of the sensation of taste
33
parts of parietal lobe (3)
primary somatosensory cortex, somatosensory association cortex, primary gustatory cortex
34
occipital lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information
35
primary visual cortex
the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system
36
visual association cortex
identifies and makes sense of visual information
37
parts of the occipital (2)
primary visual cortex, visual association cortex
38
temporal lobe
a region of the cerebral cortex responsible for hearing, information retrieval and language interpretation
39
primary auditory cortex
hearing
40
primary olfactory cortex
located within the temporal lobe, provides conscious awareness of smells
41
wernicke's area
controls language reception, a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
42
parts of the temporal lobe (3)
primary auditory cortex, primary olfactory cortex, wernickes area
43
single-cell recording
a technique by which the firing rate and pattern of a single receptor cell can be measured in response to varying sensory input
44
receptive field
the region of the sensory surface that, when stimulated, causes a change in the firing rate of that neuron
45
receptive field
what is measured by single cell-recording
46
visual field
the whole area that you can see without moving your head or eyes
47
electrocephalography (EEG)
electrodes measuring electrical activity of the brain, has the best temporal resolution
48
fMRI
A technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
49
Blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal
The ratio of oxygenated to deoxygenated hemoglobin that permits the localization of brain neurons that are involved in a task, measure with fMRI
50
dMRI
tracks the connectivity of the brain by following the path of water across axons
51
TMS
the use of strong magnets to briefly interrupt normal brain activity as a way to study brain regions
52
double dissociation
the phenomenon in which one of two functions, such as hearing and sight, can be damaged without harm to the other, and vice versa. Can be conclusive proof for localization of function
53
"where" pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the parietal lobe, that is associated with neural processing that occurs when people locate objects in space. Roughly corresponds to the action pathway
54
dorsal pathway
pathway of visual processing. The "where" pathway
55
"what" pathway
Neural pathway, extending from the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe, that is associated with perceiving or recognizing objects. Corresponds to the perception pathway.
56
ventral pathway
Pathway of visual processing. The "what" pathway
57
fusiform face area (FFA)
a region in the temporal lobe of the brain that helps us recognize the people we know
58
parahippocampal place area (PPA)
An area in the temporal lobe that contains neurons that are selectively activated by pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes
59
executive control
Processes such as making plans or overriding habitual responses that let the brain direct its own cognitive activities
60
role in planning/selection, persistence, ignoring stimuli, memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function
frontal lobe role in executive function
61
default network
a network of interacting brain regions known to activate "by default" when a person is not involved in a task
62
areas of the brain involved in the default network (3)
medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, inferior parietal lobule
63
salience network
the neutral network involved in monitoring and noting important changes in biological and cognitive systems
64
Areas of the brain involved in the salience network (3)
Anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum
65
Modal model of the mind
A depiction of the mind as a set of memory storage compartments and control processes for manipulating and moving information. It has long served as the standard framework for thinking about the human mind
66
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
67
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information has been stored or forgotten
68
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
69
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
70
Baddeley Working Memory Model
-Multipart system that temporarily holds and manipulates information as cognitive tasks are performed
-like a work bench on which you both store and manipulate information (central executive: visuospatial sketch pad - episodic buffer - phonological loop = long term memory
71
phonological loop
the part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
72
visuospatial sketchpad
A component of working memory where we create mental images to remember visual information
73
episodic buffer
a component of working memory where information in working interacts with information in long term memory (eg. relating information you are processing to a previous memory)
74
central executive
the part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources
75
hippocampus
plays a critical role in processing, forming, organizing, and storing new memories
76
frontal lobe
It supports conscious recollection of the past and is able to hold onto visuospatial information. Working memory
77
visual agnosia
the inability to recognize a visual stimulus despite the ability to see and describe it
78
appereceptive agnosia
you cannot put individual parts together as a whole
79
associative agnosia
a failure to understand the meaning of objects due to a deficit at the level of semantic memory. You can make something a coherent whole but cannot perceive what it is
80
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize faces
81
Executive dysfunction
the condition characterize by difficulty planning, thinking abstractly, initiating, and inhibiting actions
82
disorders related to executive function (3)
Autism, ADHD, and depression
83
prefrontal cortex
what area of the brain is affected in executive dysfunction
84
intelligence
the underlying construct that intelligence tests measure
85
general intelligence
according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. "g"
86
efficiency theory of intelligence
the brains of more cognitively able individuals use fewer resources to solve problems that are easy and moderate. They are able to focus their resources on the most relevant areas/networks when completing difficult tasks.
87
Fluid intelligence
the ability to solve abstract relational problems and to generate new hypotheses
88
Crystallized intelligence
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
