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BI 121 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A 
Function
How?
Why?
When?
Whole machine how parts work together
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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure
What?
Where?
Individual parts and where they are

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3
Q

Structure and Function

Anatomy and Physiology

A

Inseparable

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4
Q

High-Tibial Osteotomy (HTO)

A

Realign the Joint

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5
Q

Organs made up of 2 or more tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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5
Q

Body Levels of Organization

A

1) Molecular
2) Cellular
3) Tissue
4) Organ
5) System
6) ENTIRE ORGANISM

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6
Q

Nerve

A

Conducts

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7
Q

Muscle

A

Contracts

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8
Q

Connective

A

Connects

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9
Q

Epithelial

A

Convers

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue&raquo_space; glands

A

Exocrine gland

Endocrine gland

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11
Q

Exocrine gland

A

OUTward
a duct is attached to surface
ex: sweat gland

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12
Q

Endocrine gland

A

INward

ex: blood vessel

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14
Q

Epithelial

A

protection, secretion, absorption

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15
Q

Connective

A

structural support

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16
Q

Muscle

A

movement

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17
Q

Nervous

A

communication, coordination, control

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18
Q

Nervous System

A

Brain, Spinal Cord
Electrical Signals
Controls muscles and internal organs

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19
Q

Endocrine System

A

Hypothalamus (master control)
Pituitary, adrenals, thyroid, gonads, pancreas

releasing hormones into blood system

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20
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart, vessels, blood

transports nutrients, gases, waste products, hormones

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21
Q

Respiratory System

A

nose, throat, windpipe, bronchi

takes up oxygen and releases carbon
vocalization

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22
Q

Digestive system

A

mouth, salivary glands, throat, esophagus, stromach, small and large intestine, rectum

obtains nutrients, water, electrolytes from outside to bloodstream, eliminates waste

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23
Q

Skeletal System

A

Bones, connective tissues, joint, tendon, ligament, cartilage

body support and protection,
production of blood cells by bone marrow

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24
Q

Muscular System

A

Skeletal muscles, smooth muscles, cardiac

contraction and generation of force, movement

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Balance
Essential for cell survival
Cells make up body system to maintain homeostasis

Maintenance of relative constancy in the internal environment
=ECF= fluid outside cells

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26
Q

White blood cells

A

move around freely

body defense and reconstruction

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27
Q

Red blood cells

A

move ONLY in cardiovascular system

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28
Q

Damage capillary occurs

A

Allows leaking from cardio system of red blood cells to enter

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29
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

Nourishes cell
Anywhere outside or between cells
Plasm– CV system
Interstitial– between cells

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30
Q

H2O and Humans

A

Humans are ~2/3 H2O

Drink 1L per 1000 cals energy burned

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31
Q

Evonuk’s 6 Balances

A 
Metabolic
H2O
Temp
pH
Ion +/-
Oxygen/carbon dioxide
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32
Q

Positive Feedback

Amplify original input

A

LH surge + Ovulation

Oxytocin + Uterine contraction
child birth
Blood clotting cascade

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33
Q

Input and Output of H2O

A

Balanced at 2000 mL

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34
Q

Human body Temperature

A

Set point 37C or 98.6F
6am & 6pm– low
2pm & 2am – high

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35
Q

Feedback Loop

I R I’ C O E Ef D FBLoop

A

Input&raquo_space; receptor(sensor) >translative input> controller (set point, error detector)> Output > Effector (target organ)> Effect (action)&raquo_space; DELTA (corrective change)&raquo_space; negative feedback (corrective change opposes original input)»Receptor

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36
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cell - nucleus
(includes ORGANELLES)
(semi-gel)

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37
Q

Cytosol

A

Cytoplasm- organelles

complex gel-liquid

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38
Q

Why Compartments?

A

Incompatible reactions can take place SIMULTANEOUSLY!

In cell&raquo_space; lysosome could dissolve nucleus&raquo_space; self destruct

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39
Q

Basic Cell Survival Skills

A

1) Get food
2) Use Food
3) Rid Wastes
4) Move
5) Reproduce

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40
Q

Mitochondria

A

ENERGY organelles
ATP production
Why mammals inherit the DNA within mitochondria only from the MOTHERS

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41
Q

Lysosomes

A

DIGESTIVE organel
hydrolytic enzymes
(water splitting)

42
Q

Peroxisome

A

DETOXICATING organel
oxidative enzymes
(strip hydrogen from molecule)

43
Q

Golgi complex

A

Processing, packaging, distribution center

44
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Rough and Smooth

Protein and Lipid Synthesizing Factories

45
Q

Rough ER Lumen

A

Ribosomes (RNA) and Sacs

MAKES proteins

46
Q

Smooth ER Lumen

A

Lipids
Tubes
PACKAGES protein

46
Q

Catalase Enzyme reaction in Peroxisomes

A

Neutralize toxin at production site

47
Q

Anaerobic

A

Cytosol
sugar dissolving w/out O2

  1. Immediate/ ATP-PC
  2. Glycolysis

Performance time 15-30sec
Ex: power lifting, sprint

48
Q

Glycolysis

A 
Overlap (already pre-made stuff)
uses only glucose (SUGAR)
NET 2 ATP per molecule of glucose
In between 1.5-3min
   ex: boxing match, 400m run
49
Q

Aerobic

A 
Mitochondrion
W/ O2
use all 3 (fats, carbs, glucose)
Net of 32 ATP per molecule of glucose
Performance time 3-5min
50
Q

Goals of Aerobic Metabolism

A

Citric acid cycle– cashing in electrons and Electron Transport Chain (ETC) produces an abundance of ATP energy molecules

51
Q

Phosphate Bond to do Work

Adenosine» Phosphate» Phosphate

A

1) Synthesis of macromolecules
2) Membrane transport
3) Mechanical work

52
Q

What DNA looks like?

A

A ladder with Sugar and Phosphate
Complimentary based pairing (AT) and (GC)
Variable part on inside of 2 ladders
Twist ladder to get double helix

53
Q

Gene

A

Stretch of DNA that codes for a protein

DNA double helix
»histones
»supercoiling

54
Q

DNA day-to-day (Flow of information of cell)

A

DNA&raquo_space; (transcription in nucleus)» RNA»(translation in cytoplasm)» Protein» (prior to cell division replication of DNA)

55
Q

Triplet of Bases

A

Code for amino acids

Building blocks of proteins

56
Q

DNA

A T C G

A

Code word
ATA

2 stranded
Deoxyribose (WITH OUT Oxygen)
THYMINE
Self replicative
Nucleus
57
Q

mRNA
(messenger)
A U C G

A

Codon
(Transcription)
UAU

1 stranded
Ribose (WITH Oxygen)
URACIL
Needs DNA template
Cytoplasm
58
Q

tRNA

A

Anti-Codon
(Translation)
AUA

59
Q

MACROnutrients

A

H2O/water
Carbs
Fats/Triglycerides/Lipids
Proteins

60
Q

MICROnutrients

Only need small amount

A

Vitamins

Minerals

61
Q

Energy Nutrients

Yield ATP

A

Carbs
Fats
Proteins

62
Q

Food Pyramid

A 
Regular exercise
Grains (1/2 of which WHOLE)
Veggies (5^)      Fruit (4^)
Dairy (3^)        Protein (2-3)
Fats, oils, sweets (sparingly)
63
Q

High Salt Intake

A

Decrease vasodilation
Increase bone loss
Increase risk of kidney stones

64
Q

Low carb diet (risk factors)

A 
Fatigue/exhaustion
Low sugar level
Reduces intake if vitamins, 
        minerals, fiber
Respiratory infections
65
Q

Dietary composition and

Physical endurance

A

High-Fat diet (57min)
Normal mixed diet (114min)
High-carb diet (167min)

66
Q

Dietary Recommended Intake(DRI)

Acceptable MACROnutrient Distribution ranges (AMDR)

A

Carbs (45-65%)
Fat (20-35%)
Protein (10-35%)

67
Q

Digestion steps

A

1) ingestion
2) mechanical digestion (chewing)
3) chemical digestion
4) peristalsis
5) absorption
6) storage
7) defecation

68
Q

Hydrolysis of Energy Nutrients

A

Water + enzyme

69
Q

Polymer to Monomer

Many to One

A

Carb» Glucose
Protein+Fat
>amino acids
>fatty acids + glycerol

70
Q

GI-Donut Analogy

A

GI lumen is middle (hole)

Body is dough (donut)

71
Q

Gut Secretions

A

Mucus (release into GI Lumen)
Enzymes
H2O, acids, bases+

Hormones (release into blood)

72
Q

Mouth

A

Ingestion

Mucus + enzymes

73
Q

Esophagus

A

Rapid transit
peristalsis
mucus

74
Q

Stomach

A

Mixing peristalsis

Mucus+hci + enzymes

75
Q

Liver | Gall bladder

A

Emulsification

detergent action of bile+secretion

76
Q

Pancreas

A

Secretion
Mucus+enzymes
Enzymatic digestion:
Carbs, fat, protein

77
Q

Small Intestine

A

Absorption
Mucus+enzymes
Peristalsis

78
Q

Large intestine

A

Dehydration
Secretion+absorption+storage+
peristalsis

79
Q

Stomach

A

Fundus–top
Body– middle
Antrum– bottom

80
Q

Zymogen

A

Chemical released

Inactive precursor

81
Q

Pancreas:

Endocrine & Exocrine functions

A

Makes enzymes for digesting all 3 energy nutrients
(Carbs, fats, proteins)
Helps neutralizes acid

82
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile (1 of 50 functions)
Acts as detergent
Pushes apart fat

83
Q

Gall bladder

A

Stores bile to squirt down ducts into small intestine

84
Q

Ulcers

A

Infection
Burning pain
Test for H. pylori infection
Antibiotics help cure

85
Q

Appendix

A

If bursts incompatible w/ blood stream

Lets things out bad for rest of body

86
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Vessels
Blood

87
Q

Figure 8 loop

A

Top 8– pulmonary
Middle 8– heart
Bottom 8– systemic

88
Q

Dual Pump Action &

PARALLEL Circulation

A

Right side heart» used blood pumps to lungs&raquo_space; blood freshened» pulmonary veins

> > Left side&raquo_space; clean blood» aorta» to organs

Each organ gets freshened blood

89
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Lymph Nodes
Vessels
Lymph

90
Q

Microcirculation exchange

A

10billion capillaries

Cells are always close to capillary

91
Q

Heart valves

A

Right AV valve» 3 cuspids
Left AV valve&raquo_space; 2 cuspids
Aortic valve
Pulmonary valve

92
Q

Normal heart beat

A

LUB (lower pitch)

DUP (short higher pitch)

93
Q

Improper valves

A

Doesn’t open completely = whistle

Doesn’t CLOSE completely= slosh

94
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

Systole – contraction & empty

Diastole – relax & fill

95
Q

Blood Flow

V A V A

A

Veins» Atria» Ventricles» Arteries

96
Q

Electrical highway

A

Normal
SA nodes (pace maker) (fastest)
AV node
Purkinje fiber

97
Q

Healthy adults <65

A

Moderately intense aerobic
30min/d, 5d/wk

Vigorously intense aerobic
20min/d, 3 d/wk

8-10 strength training
8-12 reps/each exercise, 2d/wk

98
Q

Exercise guidelines

A

Adults: moderate to vigorous
30min 5days

Children moderate to vigorous
60min 5days

99
Q

Treatment Triad

A

Exercise and modify diet

Drugs and surgery last resort

100
Q

CABG

A

Reconstruction of arteries

101
Q

Healthy oils minimize atherosclerosis

HAPOC

A 
Hazelnut
Avocado
Peanut
Olive
Canola

BI 121 (1 decks)

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