MIDTERM

Question 1

Which part/parts of the cardiac cycle would right ventricular collapse possibly indicate cardiac tamponade physiology?

Answer 1

Diastole

Question 2

What are the echocardiographic findings of Pericardial Effusion?

Answer 2

Pericardial Effusion size ranges from trivial to very large
Can be circumferential or loculated

Question 3

What is the minimum percentage of reciprocal respiratory changes in RV and LV filling that is indicative of cardiac tamponade physiology?

Answer 3

25%

Question 4

The size of a moderate pericardial effusion is considered when the separation between the heart and the parietal pericardium is ______ to ______ .

Answer 4

0.5 to 2.0 cm

Question 5

Effusion is sometimes present and helps secure the diagnosis in a patient with pericarditis

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Which part/parts of the cardiac cycle would right atrial collapse possibly indicate cardiac tamponade physiology?

Answer 6

Systole

Question 7

Which type of effusion is most likely to result in tamponade?

Answer 7

Acute

Question 8

What are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

Answer 8

Visceral and Parietal

Question 9

Pericardial thickening can happen with or without an effusion present

Answer 9

True

Question 10

With ________, on M-mode multiple parallel bright lines would be seen as well as — is described as a bright echogenic pericardium on 2D imaging.

Answer 10

Pericardial Thickening

Question 11

In ___ the pericardium is thickened, and fibrotic with loss of pericardial space and impairment of late diastolic ventricular filling.

Answer 11

Constrictive pericarditis

Question 12

Normal intrapericardial pressure ranges from -5 mmHg during expiration to +5 mmHg during inspiration

Answer 12

• 5 mmHg during inspiration to +5 mmHg during expiration

Question 13

What is most often the origin of acute pericarditis?

Answer 13

Idiopathic

Question 14

Which of the following are common causes of pericarditis?

Answer 14

Post-cardiac surgery
Pneumococcus infection
Neoplasia
penetrating chest trauma
Uremia

Question 15

The rate of accumulation of fluid and the volume of fluid of a pericardial effusion are inconsequential to physiology of the heart.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

You can determine whether a pericardial effusion is infective or inflammatory in etiology by echo

Answer 16

False

Question 17

If a patient has an aortic valve opening of .7cm^2 and a velocity of 4.1m/s what is the severity of the AV stenosis?

Answer 17

Severe AS

Question 18

Flow proximal to a stenotic valve ___

Answer 18

Smooth and laminar

Question 19

Which type of aortic stenosis is characterized by commissure fusion?

Answer 19

Bicuspid AV

Question 20

What percent of patients with rheumatic mitral stenosis also have rheumatic aortic stenosis?

Answer 20

30%

Question 21

If a patient has a MVA 1.61 cm^2, and a mean gradient of 8 mmHg, it would indicate ___ mitral stenosis.

Answer 21

Moderate

Question 22

The patient has a peak velocity across the aortic valve of 4.3 m/second. What is the peak aortic valve gradient?

Answer 22

73.96 mmHg

Question 23

A subaortic membrane causing LVOT obstruction is located where?

Answer 23

Below the valve (LV side)

Question 24

Type out the AVA continuity equation.

Answer 24

((LVOT diam)^2 x 0.785 x LVOT VTI)/AV VTI

Question 25

If a patient has mitral stenosis, what is the equation to calculate MVA?

Answer 25

220/PHT

Question 26

Doppler assessment of a stenotic aortic valve should be attempted from which 3 windows?

Answer 26

SSN

Apical 5

Right sternal border