MIDTERM Flashcards
What are the 4 types of air masses?
Maritime tropical, Maritime polar, Continental tropical, Continental polar
Cell Wall
Stiff structure outside membrane protects from virus, PLANT CELL ONLY
Where are Continental tropical air masses formed?
Over warm land
Chloroplast
uses light to make glucose for energy - photosynthesis, PLANT CELL ONLY
Golgi Apparatus
Packages proteins and other lipids
Smooth ER
Makes fats (cholesterol), removes harmful substances
Rough ER
Major site of protein production - has ribosomes on it
Both ER
Makes lipids, transports protein
What organelles are only found in plant cells?
Chloroplast and Cell wall
Do prokaryotic cells have a nucleus?
No, they do not have a nucleus
Examples of Eukaryotic cells
Plant, animal, fungi, and protists
True or False: Prokaryotic cells are multicellular
False
Chromosomes
DNA containing structure that carries genetic material through generations
Allele
A different form of a gene, can be dominant (R) or recessive (r)
Genetics
Study of genes
Heredity
Study of how genes are passed on
Where is DNA found?
In chromosomes inside a nucleus
Inherited Traits
Parent to offspring (hair color, eye color, etc.)
Learned Behavior
Develops over life (speak, ride a bike, etc.)
What happens when a vacuole has less water?
Cell will shrink or wilt
Genotypes
Genetic code - two alleles (Bb or BB)
Phenotypes
How traits appear (blue eyes)
Punnet Squares
Show genotype possibilities of offspring
Types of Adaptations
Structural, Behavioral, Physiological
Structural Adaptation
Physical characteristics
Behavioral Adaptations
Behave or acts
Physiological
Internal body systems
Warm front characteristics
Lots of drizzly rain, temps warm and warm air replaces cold
Stationary front characteristics
Cold and warm fronts meet, not enough energy to push it out, days of drizzly rain
Occluded front
warm front caught between cold, large amounts of rain or snow, lots of precipitation
What are the steps of the scientific method?
Create a hypothesis, make predictions, conduct investigation, analyze results, draw conclusions, communicate results
Quantitative data
Involves measurements of numbers, time, mass, and density
Qualitative data
Involves 5 senses, adjectives or descriptive data
Ways to record quantitative data
charts, data table, model, and graphs
Lab safety preventative measures
Apron, goggles, and gloves
Lab safety tools
Fire extinguisher, fire blanket, eye wash station, first aid kit, shower
Independent Variable
Initially changed, being tested, x-axis
Dependent variable
Response to change, measured, y-axis
Hypothesis
Testable, IV and DV are defined
Types of investigations
Descriptive, Comparative, Experimental
Descriptive Investigations
Drawing and diagrams
Ho does the sun affect convection currents?
It unevenly heats the ocean which drives them because of different densities.
Comparative Investigations
Compare and contrast
Experimental Investigations
The entire scientific method; has IV, DV, and control group
Types of graphs to compare variables
Bar graph, line graph, pie chart, scatter plot
Negative effects of human Impact on Ecosystems
Deforestation, mining, overfishing, pollution
What would happen to a consumer’s population if its prey died out?
Its population would decrease, then seek new food or move to a new location
Biodiversity
Number and variety of an ecosystem, all organisms that make up an ecosystem
What happens when an ecosystem has a high biodiversity?
More stable, less likely to die from disaster
What is the sustainability of an ecosystem?
The ability of an ecosystem to recover or keep homeostasis despite outside influence
Why are non-native species dangerous?
They have no natural predators and their populations can go unchecked
What is a pioneer species?
The first producer to populate an area after a disaster
What is the pioneer species of primary succession?
Lichen and moss
What is the pioneer species of secondary succession?
Annual plants and some grasses
Primary Succession causes (3)
volcanic eruption, glacier slide, rock slide
Secondary Succession causes
Wildfire, tornado, flood, abandoned farm
What does primary succession start with?
Rock
What does secondary succession start with?
Soil/ dirt
Limiting factors in ecosystems
Factors that contain or limit an ecosystems population
How long does primary succession take?
100-1000s of years
How long does secondary succession take?
75+ years
Main types of limiting factors (3)
Food, water, living space
What is the beginning source of energy for all life?
The Sun
What is specific heat?
The amount of thermal energy it takes to raise the temp. of a substance by one degree
How does specific heat apply to the Earth’s oceans and atmosphere?
Water has a high specific heat which causes it to need more energy to change
What is specific heat measured in?
1 degree Celsius
What are gyres?
Looped systems of surface currents the move in the same direction. They cycle water through the ocean
Which way do gyres move in the NH
Clockwise
Which ways do gyres move in the SH
Counter-clockwise
How many gyres are there in the world?
5
What is a high pressure system?
High pressure center with cooler air that becomes more dense and sinks. When it nears the ground, it spreads clockwise.
What is a low pressure system?
Low pressure center with warmer, rising air that move in a counterclockwise way.
What does differences in air pressure do?
The differences in pressure causes winds and different temps.
Coriolis effect
The movement of an object to the left or right cause by rotation. Earth’s winds and currents move because of Earth’s rotation.
3 things that impact wind?
- Coriolis effect
- Convection
- Pressure differences
3 things that impact surface currents?
- Global winds
- Coriolis effect
- Continental deflections
2 things that impact deep currents?
- Density
- Salinity
What is salinity?
The amount of salt in water
What is an El Nino
A weather phenomenon that changes where HP and LP are located. They are centered over Asian and Australian which causes draughts. This causes and increase in precipitation in California and Southeast U.S.
What pressure bring precipitation?
Low pressure because it rises, cools, and condenses which makes clouds that can cause precipitation.
What weather is associated with high pressure?
Sunny and clear
How do you know which way a front is moving on a map?
The objects (circles or triangles) are pointing in the direction that it is moving.
What are 3 ways carbon is fast cycled?
Photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and decomposition
What sphere is carbon fast cycled?
Biosphere
Greatest output of Greenhouse gasses
Human interaction causes by burning fossil fuels and automobiles
What is coral bleaching?
When water is too warm, coral releases their algae causing the coral to turn white. Essentially kills the coral.
How does deforestion impact carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
It removes large amounts of trees. Because trees take in carbon and release oxygen, when many are removed less carbon gets exchanged leaving more in the atomosphere.
Main types of greenhouse gases? (4)
Methane, Carbon dioxide, Water vapor, and nitrous oxide
How do producers impact the carbon cycle?
They take in carbon and release oxygen
How do season impact the carbon cycle
In growing seasons, producers are more active so they take in more cabron. In winter seasons, they can’t take in as much
Where does carbon first enter foodwebs?
Photosynthesis when plants absorb carbon from the atmosphere
What would be a side effect to the carbon cycle in the case of a volcanic eruption?
It cases a cooling effect because ash can block the sun. It can also kill producers making it hard to take in carbon. Also, carbon is taken out of the geosphere and put in the atmosphere that will not return quickly.
What does an increase of ultraviolet radiation tell us?
The ozone layer is thinning allowing more radiation to get through
What does thinning or thickness of polar ice caps tell us.
It tells us that there could be climate change or global warming
