midterm Flashcards
diagnostic heterogeneity
two ppl may not share any symptoms but have the same disorder
historical concepts of mental health
Ancient greek: humours, wandering uterus (biology), psychotherapy
persian and arabain world: first asylums, first medical text
dark ages europe: burning at the stake
16th and 17th century Europe: less supernatural
Asylums bad, then Mental hygiene Movement, then asylums good
degeneration theory
mental health was hereditary
phrenology
skull criminality
ECT
beneficial for depression, not scz as was thought pre 1950s
chlorpromazine
first antipsychotic drug
radically changed the management of patients
caused many people to not need bedside care and get transferred back to the community without supports, lead to high homelessness rates
single factor theories
trace origins to one factor
interactionist theories
behaviour is a product of an interaction of a variety of factors
birth of psychoanalysis
started with hypnotism then talking under hypnosis (cathartic method) then frued
id ego superego
id: unconscious base desires
ego: mediator conscious and pre conscious
superego: morals all 3 levels
psychosexual stages
oral: birth to 1 year
anal/bladder: 1-3 years
phallic: 3-6 years
latent: 6-puberty
genital: puberty to death
defence mechanisms
denial: ignore
displacement: dif person
sublimation: dif activity (healthy)
repression: unconsciously block out
projection: attribute to someone else
methods of freud
free associations, recall repressed memories, dreams
best reinforcement strat
intermittent rather than continuous
which operant conditioning thing is associated with avoidance?
negative reinforcement
mowrer two factors theory
phobias are made thru classical condition and maintained by negative reinforcement avoidance
social learning theory
bandura
vicarious learning
becks cognitive theory
focus on schemas, info biases, and automatic thoughts to change maladaptive thinking
socratic
finds loops and challenges them
rational emotive behaviour therapy ellis
combat and confront rigid maladaptive thoughts/beliefs
less socratic
third wave cbt and mindfulness
emphasize the role of attention in distress and that it can exacerbate maladaptive thoughts
humanistic theories
dysfunction is because ppl are unable to achieve self actualization
solution: give ppl the skills to self actualize themselves, person focused
para vs sympathetic NS
rest and digest vs flight flight or freeze
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortext
cortisol
tends to be chronically activated for ppl with depression and anxiety
integrative theories
theories that attempt to unify different theories into a cohesive explanation
ex systems and diathesis stress and biopsychosocial
systems theory
the whole is more than the sum of its parts; there are multiple reciprocal relationships between factors
concurrent validity
ability of a diagnostic categories to predict other factors related to the diagnosis but not the diagnosis itself
ex. does a depression diagnosis accurately predict the presence of negative cognitive biases
predictive validity
the ability of a test to predict the future course of a disorder
ex. does a past diagnosis of depression predict a future low score on a mood test
dsm1
psychoanalytic
poor utility
dsm2
go rid of hysteria and homosexuality same problems as dsm1
dsm3
multiaxis
atheoretical
operationally defined disorders
polythetic
polythetic
only need to pas a threshold of symptoms not all
rosenhan study
mental illness seen as irreversible not curable
labels were stigmatizing and led to docs to not thoroughly evaluate
dsm4
required DnD
dsm5
eliminated axes
added spectrums
dsm problems
categorical not dimensional, high comorbidity, gender bias, cultural biases, ties to drug industry
normative comparison
technique to compare the level of change in patients who receive treatment vs don’t
internal validity
degree to which changes in the DV were due to changes in the IVe
external validity
generalizability of the findings, aka can it apply to the real world
aka ecologically valid
confounds
additional variables that may have an influence on the DV
longitudinal studies
predicting correlation over time
KC
anterograde memory
incidence
number of new cases in a specific time period
prevalence
frequency of a disorder at a given point in time
alternate form reliability
test if 2 versions of the same test are correlated
internal consistency
reliability within a test
split in half reliability - odd questions to even questions
coefficient alpha 1 q compared to whole test
criterion validity
correlation between a measure and a tangible external thing
clinical vs actuarial approach
clinical intuition vs objective methods of assessment
response problems
acquiescent style (says yes to everything), socially desirable responding, demand characteristics
malingering
exaggerating a symptom
