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Life on Earth: Plants - BI266 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

Is a change in the heritable characteristics of a population over generations, or the process of diversification by which new species or populations develop from pre-existing forms

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2
Q

Darwin

A

“descent with modification”
* Species are descended from a common ancestor
* Species change over time

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3
Q

Population Genetics

A

A change in population allele frequencies over time
* “modification” is the result of genetic changes

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4
Q

Phylogeny

A

A hypothesis of ancestor-descendent relationships

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5
Q

Nodes

A

Represent common ancestors

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6
Q

Tips

A

Represent the descendants of that ancestor

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7
Q

Roots

A

As we move from root to tip we are moving forward in time

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8
Q

Vascular Tissues

A

They transport water and nutrients upward from the soil to leaves, where photosynthesis takes place

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9
Q

Vascular plants

A

Plants with plumbing

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10
Q

Synapomorphy

A

A characteristic present in an ancestral species and shared exclusively (in more or less modified form) by its evolutionary descendants

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11
Q

Synapomorphy in plants

A

Tracheids
Vascular tissue
Xylem
Phloem

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12
Q

Tracheids

A

Elongated cells that transport water and mineral salts through the Xylem of vascular plants

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13
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water through the plant

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14
Q

Phloem

A

Transports soluble organic
compounds (made from
photosynthesis)

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15
Q

When were xylem first present in fossil records

A

mid-silurian

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16
Q

The first seed trees

A

Evolved for the first time at the end of the Devonian period.

The earliest member of the lignophyte clade

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17
Q

Ethnobiology

A

The study of the relationships between living things and human culture

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18
Q

Cereal grain

A

Fruits of grasses (monocots) that can be gathered or cultivated as a food for humans

Human civilization was founded on cereal grains

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19
Q

Bacterial cell walls

A

Composed of peptidoglycan, a complex of protein and sugar

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20
Q

Archaeal cell walls

A

Composed of polysaccharides (sugars)

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21
Q

Eukaryotic cell walls

A

Found in plants are composed of cellulose, and the cell walls of fungi are composed of chitin

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22
Q

Archaeplastida super-group

A

Consists of three major groups: Viridiplantae (green algae and plants), red algae (Rhodophyta), and Glaucocystophytes (glaucophyta)

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23
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Were responsible for the Great Oxidation Event (or the “rusting” of the Earth) in the Proterozoic (2.2-2.4 bya)

Are oxygenic phototrophs

24
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A
25
Q

Cristi

A

is where membrane bound reactions take place

26
Q

Light-dependent reactions

A

the reaction happens in the grana of the inner membrane

27
Q

Light-independent reactions

A

the reaction takes place outside the grana

28
Q

What is the product of photosynthesis

A

Glucose

29
Q

What adaptations do plants require to survive on land?

A

Land plants evolved traits that made it possible to colonize land and survive out of water. Adaptations to life on land include vascular tissues, roots, leaves, waxy cuticles, and a tough outer layer that protects the spores.

30
Q

Epidermis

A

Outer layer of above-ground cells surrounded by a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss

31
Q

Synanthropic pioneer

A

A plant that lives near and benefits from humans and the artificial landscapes they create

32
Q

Plant cell key features

A

● Cell wall
● Plasma membrane
● Vacuole
● Cytosol/Cytoplasm
● Nucleus
● Chloroplast
● Mitochondria
● Endoplasmic reticulum
● Golgi bodies

33
Q

Totipotency

A

The ability for single cell to change from one cell type to another and even develop into a whole plant

34
Q

Cell wall components

A

Cellulose (main component)
Hemicellulose
Pectin

35
Q

Primary cell wall

A

consisting of a fine network of cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and glycoproteins in laid down on either side of the middle lamella

36
Q

Secondary cell wall

A

When more layers of cellulose are built, it gives more rigidity

37
Q

Lignin

A

Wood

38
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Small channels that directly connect the cytoplasm of neighboring plant cells to each other, establishing living bridges between cell

39
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Components:
● Lipid bi-layer with hydrophilic ‘heads’ and hydrophobic ‘tails’.
● Proteins and protein complexes.

Functions:
● Detection, transduction and transport of molecules to and from the cell.
● Synthesis of cellulose.
● Formation of intercellular connections

40
Q

Vacuoles

A

Structure:
● Can take up to 90% or more of the volume of a cell.
● Surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)

Function:
● Maintenance of cell pressure and pH.
● Movement of water in and out of the vacuole is involved in controlling turgor pressure of the cell
● Storage of cell metabolites and waste products (salts, sugars, organic acids and small quantities of soluble proteins)

41
Q

Turgor pressure

A

Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall, no water makes the plant less rigid

42
Q

Nucleus

A

Structure:
● Has 2 membranes (each has a lipid bylayer) which constitute the nuclear envelope
● The outer envelope is connected with the endoplasmic reticulum, especially the rough ER.

Function:
● Control center of the cell

43
Q
A
44
Q

Endomembrane system (Endoplasmic Reticulum)

A

● Storage
● Cell signalling
● Lipid biosynthesis
● Movement of molecules and proteins

45
Q

Endomembrane System (Golgi Apparatus)

A

● “Post office” packages are dropped of and destinations are assigned
● Proteins sorted
● Glycosylated
● Transfer of proteins

46
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

47
Q

Plastids

A

Plant organelles that make/store food or pigments

Chloroplasts (green)
Leucoplasts (white)
Chromoplasts (other than green)

48
Q

Stroma

A

Colorless fluid matrix within the chloroplast

49
Q

Chloroplasts

A

● Double membraned.
● Can be different shapes.
● 5x larger than mitochondria
● Captures light and does photosynthesis.

50
Q

Primary producer (Autotroph)

A

An organism that can synthesize its own food from inorganic sources

51
Q

Gross primary productivity (GPP)

A

Total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Determine cell shape, cell division, organelle anchoring and movement
* Network of thread-like proteins found throughout the cytoplasm

Three main components:
* Microtubules
* Intermediate filaments (not well studied in plants)
* Microfilaments

53
Q

Microtubules

A

They organize the position of organelle

Are part of appendages (flagella and cilia) involved in cell motility

Made up of α and β tubulin proteins

Stacked in 13 rows to form an alpha helix

Form a thin, hollow, tube-like structure 15-25

54
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Thinner than microtubules (12 nm in diameter)

Hold the nucleus in position and control nuclear shape

55
Q

Microfilaments

A

Formed from actin protein
Organized into helical chains twisted around each other (8 nm in diameter)
Controls cell shape
Move cell contents around the central vacuole
Driven by motor proteins

56
Q

Motor proteins

A

-Proteins associated with microtubules and microfilaments
-Attach to the cargo to be moved (i.e. transport vesicles going from ER to Golgi)
-These proteins move, release, reattach and move again using ATP
-Motor proteins are a eukaryotic invention allowing for larger cell size and differentiation

57
Q
A

Life on Earth: Plants - BI266 (2 decks)

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