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Biology 228 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment

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2
Q

Ernst Haeckel

A

Coined term ecology (oekologie)

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3
Q

The science of ecology

A

Rooted in the Darwinian concept of natural selection
Natural selection was a critical cornerstone for the emergence of ecology as a science

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4
Q

Scientific method steps

A

Make observation, hypothesis, prediction, and testing

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5
Q

Traditional ecological knowledge (TEK)

A

Way of knowing, including ecological, utilitarian, social and spiritual values

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6
Q

What is a trade off

A

Benefit of one item, cost of another
ex) sleeping in, missing class
ex) an animal eats something, survive or reproduce

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7
Q

Trade-offs and fitness

A

One of the great predictions of the theory of Natural Selection is that individuals will possess traits that are fitness optimizing

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8
Q

Optimal foraging

A

-The theory
-Examples and extensions
-Theory meets reality
-Scaling up to habitat selection

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9
Q

The theory

A

An individual will act to gain the energy for the least amount of cost when making foraging decisions, with the overall goal of maximizing its evolutionary fitness

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10
Q

Habitat selection

A

Hierarchical process of behavioural responses that may result in the disproportionate use of habitats to influence survival and reproduction of individuals

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11
Q

What is a niche

A

A species defined space where it can survive, grow and/or reproduce is in response to n-dimensional environmental factors

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12
Q

Delvil’s hole pupfish

A

Found only in the upper reaches of a single deep limestone cave in the Mojave desert in the western U.S state of Nevada.
lives on a shallow rock shelf measuring 3.3 by 4.8 meters

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13
Q

What is a population

A

A group of individuals of the same species that can mate
group of the same species that is spatially distinct from other groups of individuals of the same species

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14
Q

Discrete- time population growth

A

The geometric growth equation, also known as finite rate of population increase

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15
Q

Birth and death rates

A

b= the proportion of organisms producing a new individual per unit time (per capita birth rate)
d= the proportion of individuals dying per unit of time (per capita death rate)

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16
Q

Rate of change

A

Best described by the derivative of the equation = dN/dt = (b-d)N

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17
Q

Intrinsic rates of population growth

A

When a population is small and population density so low that intraspecific competition is near non-existent, a species can grow at a maximum r, called the Malthusian parameter

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18
Q

Fitness

A

Natural selection favours individuals that produce the maximum number of reproducing offspring in a lifetime

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19
Q

Parental care

A

Precocial= active, mobile at birth
Altricial= helpless, naked, blind, require more care from mother

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20
Q

Parental investment

A

Costs of reproduction are high

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21
Q

Semelparous

A

Invest all into growing up to reproduce once in a suicidal effort

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22
Q

Iteroparous

A

Spend energy on reproduction in bouts over the lifetime
ex) large mammals

23
Q

When to reproduce

A

In general higher rates of adult mortality select for early age at first reproduction and vice versa

24
Q

Life history classifications- r strategists

A

Species that live in environments that do not often exist at population carrying capacity
ex) random weather events play a large role in determining no. of individuals who survive

25
Q

Life history classifications- K strategists

A

Species that experience competition, live in populations that do not reach ‘carrying capacity’
ex) black bears in a forest, have to compete for limited food

26
Q

Fluctuations

A

Under the influence of stochastic forces, populations tend to fluctuate
Fluctuations vary
ex) population size of the red-breasted nuthatches in Alberta

27
Q

Oscillations

A

Population fluctuations that are more regular than expected are called population cycles

28
Q

Extinction and Allee effects

A

Populations decline when deaths exceed births
Declining populations can result in extinction or extirpation

29
Q

Ecological interactions

A

Individuals of different species that coexist in a community interact in different ways
Traits that allow these interactions are adaptations, phenotypic traits resulting from natural selection

30
Q

Predation

A

The preying of one animal on another

31
Q

Herbivory

A

Feeding on plants

32
Q

Parasitism and disease

A

Illness caused by parasites

33
Q

Mutualism

A

Interspecific interaction that benefits both species

34
Q

Detritivory

A

Animal that feeds on dead organic matter

35
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between two seperate species.
One of the most important drivers of natural selection

36
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

States that ‘complete competitors’ cannot coexist

37
Q

Complete competitors

A

Two species that live in the same place and have exactly the same ecological requirements

38
Q

The Lotka-Volterra Model

A

dN1/dt= r1N1(K1-N1/K1)

39
Q

Ghost of competition past

A

The idea that past competition between two or more species may have altered resource use and interactions sufficiently that the species no longer compete

40
Q

Character displacement

A

Involves a shift in feeding niche that subsequently affects a species’ morphology, behaviour, or physiology

41
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Competition may intensify if species use the same portion of a resource space

42
Q

Availability of cover

A

Susceptibility of prey individuals will increase as the population grows and hiding places become filled

43
Q

Search image

A

The ability of a predator to recognize a prey species will increase as the prey population size increases

44
Q

Prey switching

A

The act of a predator turning to a more abundant alternate prey

45
Q

Predator numerical response

A

The ability of a predator population to regulate a prey population is related to the response of predators to increase in number in relation to prey

46
Q

Predator total response

A

Predation rate, or the probability for a time interval that an individual prey will die of predation, relates to prey density via the total response

47
Q

Apparent competition

A

An interaction between two prey species, where the presence of one prey has a negative effect on the other, but not the other way around

48
Q

Keystone predators

A

Some predators can be an important component of maintaining biodiversity
Affect community structure disproportionately to their abundance
Picky predators can promote coexistence among competing prey species
Competitive exclusion is prevented when the dominant competitor is the preferred prey

49
Q

Coevolution

A

Predators exert a selective pressure on prey- any characteristics that enables individual prey to avoid being detected and captured by a predator will increase its fitness

50
Q

Exploiter- prey

A

Organisms that make a living by taking from other organisms

51
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

Similar colour pattern shared by many unpalatable or venomous species

52
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

Occurs when edible species mimics the inedible or dangerous species

53
Q

Defensive thorns

A

Kapok tree
Use the thorns as a defence mechanism against herbivores

54
Q

Latex Chemical defence

A

Dandelions secondary defence against herbivores or insects

Biology 228 (1 decks)

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