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Phonetics > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of speech sounds

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2
Q

Speech Sounds

A

The consonant and vowels sounds that make up the words in a spoken language

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3
Q

Phoneticians

A

Scientists who study physical properties of speech (airflow), production of speech (articulator movement), perception of speech (recognition of sounds), and processing of speech sounds (cognitive mechanisms)

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4
Q

What are the 5 branches of phonetics

A

Articulatory, acoustic, auditory, linguistic, clinical

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5
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

The study on the physical movements of the articulators needed to produce speech sounds (lips, tongue, jaw, velum)

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6
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

The study of the actual auditory signal of movement of air generated when speech sounds are produced that are measured with waveforms and spectrograms

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7
Q

Auditory Phonetics

A

The study of how humans hear, perceive, categorize and recognize the differences between speech sounds

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8
Q

Linguistic Phonetics

A

The study focused on understanding the use of speech sounds within language and cross linguistic analysis. We compare the articulatory, acoustic, and auditory characteristics of speech sounds across languages of the world

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9
Q

Clinical phonetics

A

The study and practical application of phonetics to solving real- life problems affecting the diagnosis and treatment of individuals who exhibit speech sound errors (applying phonetics to diagnose and provide therapy to individuals with communication disorders)

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10
Q

What is the IPA system based on?

A

Articulatory phonetics

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11
Q

Phonology

A

The study of how speech sounds are used in used in a given language (how are speech sounds mentally represented in the brain)

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12
Q

Is phonology one of the 5 domains of language

A

Yes

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13
Q

What are the 5 domains of language?

A

phonology, phonetics, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatic

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14
Q

Phonologists

A

Phonologists are scientists who study the mental representation of speech sounds and how they carry meaning in a language

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15
Q

Phoneme

A

Smallest meaningful unit of sound / sound or a physical output of speech production with measurable properties of acoustic and articulatory details

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16
Q

Allophone

A

Predictable production variation of a phoneme (they do not contribute to distinctions of meaning)

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17
Q

Orthographic symbols

A

Symbols that we use for written communication and literacy & the alphabet that we use for reading and writing

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18
Q

Graphemes

A

Alphabetic letters and the sounds they represent

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19
Q

Ambisyllabic

A

A sound or cluster of sounds that is shared by 2 consecutive syllables

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20
Q

Homographs

A

Words that are spelled the same but have different meaning

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21
Q

Homophones

A

Words that are spelled differently but are pronounced the same

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22
Q

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A

Set of phonetic symbols that represents all known speech sounds across the languages of the world

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23
Q

Phonetic symbol

A

Symbols that represent speech sounds

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24
Q

Articulation

A

Production of speech sounds

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25
Q

Misarticulation

A

Error productions and mispronunciations that may be characteristic of speech sound disorders

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26
Q

Phonetic transcription

A

Phonetic transcription is a process of using IPA symbols to represent speech and we transcribe speech by listening to the phonemes

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27
Q

Virgules / /

A

Represent phonemes (broad)

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28
Q

Brackets [ ]

A

Represent the actual production (narrow)

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29
Q

Broad Transcription

A

Standard pronounciation

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30
Q

Speech registers

A

Continuum of speaking styles from formal to informal that varies depending on the social citation (Who, what, when, where, etc)

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30
Q

Narrow Transcription

A

May include diacritics that indicate specific changes to the production of a phoneme

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31
Q

Invariance problem

A

Articulation of phonemes varies across speakers and within a speaker (there is a lack of consistency in speech production)

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32
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

Phonological constancy is the ability to recognize a word’s identity across different phonetic variations- Infants are able to recognize that a word produced in different ways is still the same word (different speaker, pitch, loudness level, rate)

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33
Q

Causal speech

A

Relaxed speaking styles with family/friends that has many changes to sounds such as coalescence (combining sounds), omissions, and substitutions

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34
Q

Coalescence

A

Combining sounds

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35
Q

Omissions

A

Omitting a sound

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36
Q

Substitutions

A

Substitution of a sound for another

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37
Q

Economy/ease of articulation

A

Adaptations to phonemes depending on the phonetic context meaning that we want a balance between producing intelligible speech and making articulation as easy as possible

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38
Q

Phonotactics

A

Sound rules that govern phoneme sequences in a language and are patterned (rules for structure syllables and words)

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39
Q

Word shape

A

Word shape refers to the combination of consonants and vowels within a given word (CV)

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40
Q

Consonant cluster

A

2 or more consonants in a row

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41
Q

Coarticulation

A

Overlapping movement of speech gestures (articulators are simultaneously completing one sound while preparing for the next)

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42
Q

Syllabification

A

Words are made of syllables so it is how you assigned and segment multi-syllabic words (we mark it with a period)

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43
Q

Maximal Onset Principle

A

intervocalic consonants are maximally assigned to the onset of syllables following the phonotactics of the language (these sounds are typically placed at the beginning of the next syllable)

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44
Q

Intervocalic consonants

A

Sounds the occur between 2 vowels

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45
Q

What are the types of stress

A

Contrastive, lexical, and grammatical

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46
Q

Contrastive stress

A

Emphasizing a word or phrase in a sentence to highligh a difference

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47
Q

Lexical stress

A

Emphasis placed on a specific syllable within a word which can change the meaning of the word and help distinguish it from other words

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48
Q

Grammatical stress

A

Emphasis placed on certain words in a sentence to convey their grammatical role of importance

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49
Q

Parameters of stress

A

Longer duration (articulatory), increased volume (respiratory), increased pitch (phonatory)

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50
Q

How do we classify consonants?

A

Voice, place, manner

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51
Q

Voice

A

Presence or absence of VF vibration

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52
Q

Place of articulation

A

Point or location of the constriction or blockage of airflow

53
Q

Manner of articulation

A

Describes how the airstream is modified

54
Q

What are the 2 main anatomical processes of the speech system

A

Respiratory and phonatory

55
Q

Respiratory system

A

Airflow driven by lungs

56
Q

Phonatory

A

Vibration of the larynx due to VF

57
Q

Larynx

A

Gateway to the vocal tract) Complex structure of bone, cartilage, and muscle above the trachea that constraints the VF

58
Q

Vocal Folds

A

Pair of elastic muscle fibers than can be opened, closed, and approximate each other

59
Q

Bernoulli

A

Aerodynamic effect where pulmonic airstream opens vocal folds and decreased air pressure in trachea closes vocal folds in a rapid open/close vibratory sound (creates the buzzing noise)

60
Q

What is the purpose of the resonatory system?

A

Shaping the sound within a volume of space (amplifying and attenuating)

61
Q

Oro-nasal (mouth/nose) Process

A

Refers to the space between mouth and nose

62
Q

Oral sounds

A

Airflow only travels through the mouth because the velum is raised to prevent airflow through the nose

63
Q

Nasal sounds

A

Airflow travels through the nose because the velum is lowered which allows access to nasal passages

64
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway between the oral and nasal cavities and the larynx and is shaped through for swallowing and breathing

65
Q

Velum

A

Soft tissue and muscle fibers covered by mucous membranes

66
Q

Ulvula

A

Posterior portion of velum that hangs down in the back of the throat

67
Q

Lowered velum

A

Relaxed so airflow goes into nasal cavity

68
Q

Raised velum

A

Contracting so air flow is black from entering nasal cavity

69
Q

Hyper nasality

A

Too much airflow through nose

70
Q

Hypo nasality

A

Not enough airflow through the nose

71
Q

Lips

A

Active articulators that spread, round, pucker, and tense

72
Q

Upper teeth

A

Passive articulator

73
Q

Tongue

A

Primary active articulator for finely coordinated movement

74
Q

Alveolar ridge

A

Passive articulator consisting of bony ridge behind upper incisors

75
Q

Hard palate

A

Passive articulator that is hard and smooth

76
Q

Velum

A

Active articulator that directs airflow

77
Q

Uvula

A

back potion of velum

78
Q

Pharynx

A

Passageway between larynx and oral/nasal cavities

79
Q

Epiglottis

A

Passageways between larynx and oral/nasal cavities

80
Q

Sonorants

A

Sounds produced with primarily open vocal tact (vowls, nasal, r,j,l,w)

81
Q

Obstruents

A

Sounds produced with airflow temporarily completely or partially impeded (stops, fricatives, affricates)

82
Q

Voicing

A

Presence or absence of VF vibration

83
Q

Cognates

A

2 consonants with the same place and manner of articulation that only differ by voicing (no phonotation= voiceless or phonotation= voiced)

84
Q

Place of Articulation

A

Location in the vocal tract where sound is produced

85
Q

Bilabial

A

Upper and lower lips

86
Q

Labiodental

A

Upper incisors/teeth resting on lower lip

87
Q

Interdental

A

Tongue tip protruding through the upper and lower teeth

88
Q

Alveolar

A

Tongue tip or blade on or near the alveolar ridge

89
Q

Post-alveolar

A

Tongue blade just behind the alveolar ridge, near the front of the hard palate

90
Q

Alveopalatal

A

Beginning with the tongue tip at the alveolar ridge and ending with the tongue near the hard palate (affricate)

91
Q

Palatal

A

Front of tongue near the hard palate

92
Q

Velar

A

Back of tongue near the soft palate

93
Q

Glottal

A

Vocal folds involved (glottis)

94
Q

Manner of articulation

A

How the airstream is blocked to form consonants

95
Q

Oral stop

A

Consonant sounds produced by 2 articulators touching and temporarily stopping airflow while the velum is raised, results in a sudden release of air that travels through the mouth

96
Q

Nasal stop

A

Consonant sounds produced by 2 articulators touching and temporarily stopping airflow while the velum lowered, so air travels through the nose

97
Q

Glide

A

Consonant sounds produced with minimal prediction by the smooth improvement of the articulators

98
Q

Fricative

A

Consonant sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together

99
Q

Affricate

A

Consonant sounds produced by rapidly sequencing a stop and a fricative produced in the same place

100
Q

Liquid

A

Consonant sounds produced with minimal friction by the smooth movement of the articulators- air is moved and being manipulated in weird ways

101
Q

Lateral Liquid

A

allows for airflow over the sides of the tongue (/l/)

102
Q

Rhotic

A

allows for airflow to go up and round

103
Q

Approximates

A

Produced by bringing 2 articulators close together by not close enough to create a turbulent airflow. They are smoother and more open in quality. Glides and liquids

104
Q

General American English (GAE)

A

The established and standard dominant dialect in America

105
Q

Orthography vs IPA

A

Orthography focus is on how words are written while the IPA is focused on how words are pronounced (IPA uses one vowel/phoneme for each vowel sound)

106
Q

Vowels

A

Speech sounds that are not produced with constriction of airflow and are characterized by height, backness, roundness, tenseness

107
Q

Onset

A

Initial consonants (if present)

108
Q

Nucleus

A

The vowel sound

109
Q

Coda

A

Final consonants (if present)

110
Q

Parameters of vowels

A

tongue height, tongue advancement, roundness, tenseness

111
Q

Monopthongs

A

steady state: single articulatory movement

112
Q

Dipthongs

A

Dynamic multiple movement during production (gliding from one articulatory position to another)

113
Q

On glide

A

First symbol represents the first target of the diphthongs (starting articulatory position)

114
Q

Off glide

A

Second symbol represents the second target of the diphthong (ending articulatory position)

115
Q

Phonemic dipthongs

A

Entire diphthong must be produced to understand the meaning (contain an offglide)

116
Q

Non phonemic diphthongs

A

Vowel meaning is understood even if only one portion of the diphthong is produced

117
Q

Tongue height

A

Body of tongue raised and lowered in the oral cavity (w jaw movement)

118
Q

Tongue advancement

A

Body of tongue moving forward and backwards in the oral cavity

119
Q

Roundness

A

Rounding to the lips to protrude a sound

120
Q

Tenseness

A

If the tongue body is more of an extreme position

121
Q

Rhotic vowels

A

Vowels with an “r” sound attached to it (monophthongs, diphthongs, triphthonngs)

122
Q

Stress for monosyllabic words

A

Stress is placed on the only syllable present (primary stress on the single syllable)

123
Q

Listener Oriented

A

Record the words produced by a speaker for whom you have no prior reason to be concerned about articulation (focus is on the convenience of the listener)

124
Q

Speaker Oriented

A

Used when you you want to know how the person used his or her respiratory, phonatory, resonators, and articulatory systems to produce speech (you are trying to figure out how the individual articulated the speech sounds in the words that we produced) - use when transcribing disordered speech

125
Q

How to we analyze phonetic transcription?

A

Compare targets to client productions

126
Q

Systematic transcription

A

Transcribing phonemes of a word (the mental representation of the word)

127
Q

Impressionistic transcription

A

Transcribing someones actual speech (the way in which a person articulated a word)

128
Q

Segmental phonetic representation

A

We are interested in understanding an individual production of phonemes (consonants and vowels) and sequences

129
Q

Suprasegmental and diacritics phonetic representation

A

We are interested in stress, rhythm, intonation, tone, pitch, and length/duration

130
Q

Strategies for phonetic transcription

A

Count number of sounds in a word before transcription, compare the vowel symbols to the number of syllables, do not use orthography, say each word as naturally as you can, make lists of rhyming words, practice everyday, etc

131
Q

Narrow segmental phonetic transcription with diacritics

A

Narrow phonetic transcription is a method of capturing the fine details of speech. It uses diacritics (specific articulatory features), which are small signs that are added to an IPA segment to mark variations in speech.

Phonetics (1 decks)

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