midterm Flashcards
- How many pairs of autosomes does a human female have?
22
- What sex chromosomes does a human female have?
XX
- ___ are the units of heredity.
genes
- A normal human karyotype has a total of ___ chromosomes.
46
Cells that replicate themselves and generate differentiated cells when they divide are called ___.
stem cells
Chromosome tips, or ___, function like cellular fuses that burn down as pieces are lost from the end.
telomeres
Gametes, such as egg & sperm, are ___ which means that they have only one of each type of chromosome.
haploid
Genetic variability arises during meiosis from ___.
crossing over, independent assortment, random alignment of chromosomes at metaphase
. Crossing over occurs during ___.
prophase 1 of meiosis 1
Lysosome matches with what function?
Dismantles debris
Rough ER matches with what function?
protein syntheis
Nucleus matches with what function?
house DNA
Smooth ER matches with what function
lipid synthesis
Golgi apparatus matches with what function?
processes Secretions
Mitochondrion matches with what function?
energy extraction
Peroxisome matches with what function?
detoxification
Ribosomes matches with what function
catalyst for protein synthesis
Genes comprise of __, which is a double-stranded polymer consisting of a chain of nucleotide s.
(DNA) deoxyribonucleic acid
The three components of DNA include: Phosphate sugar and base. What are the four bases
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
What are the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis?
prophase –> metaphase –> anaphase –> telophase –> cytokinesis
What base does RNA have that DNA does not?
uracil
The allele that masks the effects of the other is__ and the masked allele is ___.
dominant; recessive
In humans, the dominance relationship between the A and B alleles of the ABO blood group gene is and example of__.
codominance
The fatty sheath that costs the neuron extensions call axons is called___.
myelin
characteristics shared by adopted children and their biological parents are mostly __, while their similarities with adopted parents reflect _ influences.
genetic; environmental
in pea plants, tall is dominant to short. what would be the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant?
Tt
A human male inherits X-linked traits from__.
mother only
What is the function of SRY?
transcriptional factor gene that stimulates male development
the genes of narcolepsy were first identified in __.
dogs
Two phenotipically normal individuals have an affected child. What can we conclude about the parents?
they both carried the disease allele
_____________ is a site in the DNA that has a different base in at least 1% of the population
(SNPs) single nucleotide polymorphisms
What do circles symbolize in a pedigree?
female
What do squares symbolize in a pedigree?
male
What does the half filled symbol mean in a pedigree?
carrier of disease
What does the completed filled symbol mean in a pedigree?
has disease
What does DNA stand for?
deoxyribonucleic acid
what does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
What strand would make the sequence 5’ AAACGCTT 3’ a double stranded DNA molecule?
5’ AAGCGTTT 3’
A _____________ is a DNA base with a single ring structure, for example, cytosine and thymine.
Pyrimidine
Energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds holding the bases together. Which pair will be the most difficult to separate?
C-G
The first mRNA condon to specify an amino acid in a protein seqence is always ___________.
AUG
A _____________ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes meiosis
germline
A _____________ mutation occurs during the DNA replication that precedes mitosis.
somatic
Changing the condon AGC to AGA represents a _________________ mutation.
missense
T or F. Gene expression patterns change over time and in different cell types.
False
What are the steps of PCR?
denotation, annealing, elongation
Explain denotation.
uses heat to openn
Explain annealing .
adds primer to DNA
Explain elongation.
rapidly replicates (stretching a material)
central dogma brief summary _~> ~>
_ _
DNA ~> RNA ~> PROTEIN
Transcription Translation
List 5 ways DNA and RNA differ
DNA
1 usually double stranded
2 thymine as a base
3 Deoxyribose as the sugar
4 maintains proteins- encoding info
5 cannot function as an enzyme
6 persists
RNA
1 usually single stranded
2 uracil as a base
3 ribose as the sugar
4 carries protein- encoding info and controls how the info is used
5 can function as an enzyme
6 short lived
