Midterm Flashcards
An effort made to determine from the appearance of the place and it’s objects what actually occurred and what the circumstances of a crime were.
Reconstruction of the Crime
Kinds of Reconstruction of Crime
Physical and Mental Reconstruction
The physical appearance of the crime scene is reconstructed from the description of witness and the indication of the physical evidence.
Physical Reconstruction
From the physical reconstruction, some conclusions can be made concerning the consistency of the various witnesses.
Mental Reconstruction
Is the general questioning of all persons at, near or around the crime scene for purposes of gathering information about the crime.
Field Inquiry
Involves the efforts of identifying data, including physical things that may provide relevant information gathering the criminal case being investigated. That is why recognition is otherwise known as identification stage of is investigation.
Recognition
Which refers to the act of gathering those identified data or facts, or physical things that are significant to the case under investigation. Collection maybe done by scraping the bloodstains found at the crime scene, interviewing the neighbor who saw the burglary, or examination of drug dealer’s bankbook.
Collection
It is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the collection stage It includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive value. Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical evidences in order that they can be safely transmitted to the evidence custodian or to the crime laboratory It covers the process of maintaining the objectivity of facts or information that has been gathered from the testimony of witnesses, victims or other persons involved in the criminal case.
Preservation
It is a function that is almost simultaneously performed during the collection stage It includes act of keeping the collected evidences in their true and original for, preventing contamination or destruction of its substantive value. Preservation does not only involve the process of packaging physical evidences in order that they can be safely transmitted to the evidence custodian or to the crime laboratory It covers the process of maintaining the objectivity of facts or information that has been gathered from the testimony of witnesses, victims or other persons involved in the criminal case.
Preservation
Is the process of determining the probative value of the evidence.
Probative value refers to the strength of the evidence or its worth/weight in successfully establishing a proof that a come has in fact been committed and that the suspects/accused is the one who is responsible for it.
Evaluation
Is the function that is primarily manifested inside courtroom. The investigator, with the help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information ‘in a very, simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and truthfulness of the evidences they are trying to prove or establish.
Presentation
Is the function that is primarily manifested inside courtroom. The investigator, with the help of the prosecutor, must be able to present facts and information ‘in a very, simple and convenient manner in order to convince the court and other parties involved in the criminal case about the validity and truthfulness of the evidences they are trying to prove or establish.
Presentation
Refers to the number of persons who handled and possessed the pieces of evidence the moment that they were collected, marked and tagged, up to the time of the final disposition of the case.
Chain of Custody
It is the number of persons who handle the evidence between the time of the commission of the offense and the ultimate disposition of the case and should be kept to minimum (less person who handle the evidence the better).
Chain of Custody
The investigator places his initials, the date and time of discovery on each items of evidence and the time discovery on each items of evidence for proper identification. Items that could not be marked should be placed in a suitable container and sealed.
Removal of Evidence
Any physical evidence obtained must be tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian. Evidence which by their nature could not be marked on each surface such as blood, hairs, fibers, are placed in, the plastic container where that, container is then marked, we call such practice as tagging the physical evidence with the use of card where the initials of the investigator, date and time of collection, specific case and other information can be written.
Tagging Evidence
Each item of evidence must be evaluated in relation to all the evidences, individually and collectively.
Evaluation of Evidence
It is the investigator’s responsibility to ensure that every precautions is exercised to preserved physical evidence in the state in which it was recovered/ obtained until it is released to the evidence custodian.
Preservation of Evidence
The scene in not released until all processing has been completed. The release should be effected at the practicable time particularly when an activity has been closed or its operations curtailed.
Releasing the Scene
As evidence is collected, it is individually marked with the initials of the investigator. The marking tool depends upon the nature of the evidence. If it is a hard object such as metals, the initial are scratched or engraved by the use of sharp-pointed steel, which is called stylus.
Marking Evidence
This is accomplished after the search is completed, the rough 8& finished Sketching and photographs are required.
Collecting Evidence
This includes a diligent and careful method by the investigator to recognize, identify and preserve crime scene to include physical evidence.
Crime Scene Search
This includes a diligent and careful method by the investigator to recognize, identify and preserve crime scene to include physical evidence.
Crime Scene Search
The searchers (A, B, and C) proceed slowly at the same pace along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle. At the end of the rectangle, the searchers turn and proceed back along new lanes but parallel to the first movement.
Strip Method
Is somewhat similar to Strip Method, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the base and then parallel to the side.
Double Strip
The investigator may proceed Inward Spiral method = one or two investigators (from the outside) and or Outward Spiral Method = one searcher (from the center).
Spiral Method
The area to be searched is divided into quadrants and each searcher or a group of searchers is assigned to the quadrant.
Zone Method
This type of searching the crime scene is applicable to areas which are somewhat circular in size or area. The searchers shall assemble at the center of the crime scene, then simultaneously searching the crime scene outward.
Wheel Method
It refers to the crime committed or the incident happened such as vehicular accident, homicide case, drowning, rape case and others.
Title
Refers to the sketch proper to include the position of the victim and other items in the crime scene. It includes proper measurements of distances of objects in the crime scene.
Body
A standard arrow to indicate the north direction. To find the north without compass, determine the east where the sun rises. Facing east, your LEFT SIDE is the north direction.
Compass Direction (orientation)
Refers to the status of the case whether currently committed or days have passed after its discovery.
Nature of Case
Refers to the place where the incident happened.
Location of Incident
Refers to the exact time through interview from eyewitnesses and other persons in the area.
Date/Time of Incident
The part of the sketch where the name of the suspect is written.
Name of suspect
The part of the where the name of the victim is written.
Name of victim
This is usually, placed at the bottom of sketch outside the sketch of the scene. Numbers represent the objects in the crime or letters in order not to unnecessarily crowd the graphic presentation. Their descriptions are found in the legend.
Legend
The part of the sketch where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the officer in charge are written and signed.
Signatory
The part of the sketch where the name of the sketcher and the team leader or the officer in charge are written and signed.
Signatory
Refers to the exact time the sketch was made.
Date and Time
It deals with the vicinity of the crime scene in relation to the environs, to include neighboring buildings, structures, or means of access leading to the scene. This kind of sketch is applied in conflagrations, suspected to be arson, indicating the origin of the fire and how is spread naturally or unnaturally against the wind.
Give picture of the scene, the crime and its environs, including neighboring buildings, roads etc.
Sketch of Locality
This is the kind of sketch which illustrates the scene of the crime with the nearest physical surroundings, such as the room adjacent or opposite the room of the crime scene, the number of floors of a building or house, the yard and the other natural structures.
Picture of the scene of the crime with its nearest physical surroundings.
Sketch of Ground
It includes the positions and exact locations of the physical evidence in the crime scene. It describes the immediate scene only like the room which the crime was committed and the details of items in the room.
The immediate scene only.
Sketch of Details
Gives the clear impression of the scene in cases where blood stains or bullet holes are found for example: there’s a shooting incident happens in room 1 and the bullet first through room 2 and the other bullet in room 3, so we need to make cross projections sketch somewhat like a cross that will depict room 2, room 3 and the immediate scene.
Exploded/Cross Projection
Reasons of Making Search
1.To refresh the memory of the investigators.
- To express the precise location of objects and their relationship to other objects and its surroundings.
- To assist the prosecutor, and the judge in understanding conditions at the crime scene;
- To supplement photographs;
- To assist in questioning of witnesses and suspects
Is the sketch made by the investigator at the crime scene which is full of important details but without the scale of proportion. This is used as the basis for the finished sketch.
Is made at the crime scene.
Rough Sketch
Is the sketch with a scale of proportion and drawn by a draftsman which can be used for court presentation. Rough and finished sketches if requested by the court shall be presented by the draftsman to clear doubts of the jury.
Is for court presentation.
Finish Sketch
Is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete measurements of the relative distances of relevant object and conditions obtaining therein.
Sketch
Is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime with complete measurements of the relative distances of relevant object and conditions obtaining therein.
Sketch
Refers to the process of recording of information with respect to its location, position, sketch pad through symbols, arts and figures.
Sketching
The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation
“Do not touch, alter, move or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed.”
To create an accurate objective visual record of the crime scene before any item is moved or removed as possible physical evidence.
Crime Scene Photography
Taking an overall view of the scene of the crime. It shows the direction and location of the crime scene.
General View or Long Range
Taking of the photograph of the scene of the crime by dividing it into section. This view will best view the nature of the crime.
Medium View or Mid-Range
Taking of individual photograph of the evidence at the scene of the crime. It is design to show the details of the crime. Distance: It depends on the size of evidence.
Close up View/Range
The one who directs the processing of the crime scene.
Office in charge or Team leader
The one who implements or executes the order/s from his/her superiors.
Assistant Team Leader
Takes photograph of all pieces of evidence that are relevant to the crime committed.
Photographer
Make sketches of the immediate, background and inside the scene of the crime.
Sketchers
The one who write down in shorthand all observations at the crime scene such as: weather condition, time of dispatch and time of arrival at the crime scene and other relevant data that should be taken down note.
Master Note Taker
The one in charge in the collection, preservation, tagging of the articles of evidence found at the crime scene.
Evidence Man
Makes all relevant measurements of the scene such as: the distance of the body of the victim to the firearm used; in motor vehicle collision, the distances of two vehicles to the points of references.
Measurer
Is an area where the briefing and orientation coming from the first responder will be had.
Command Post
An area which, is ideally located adjacent to the crime scene where the CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives the pieces of evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by the other evidence collectors.
Command Post
Initiation of Preliminary Survey (Team Leader of CSI or SOCO)
-Makes a general assessment
-Takes a cautious walk-through
-Takes down extensive notes to document important factors
-Establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered
-Defines the extent of the search area -Determines the personnel and equipment needed and make specific assignments
-From his assessment, he develops a general theory of the crime scene.
Investigating team at the crime scene should be noted. The situation in the area should also be noted whether it is windy, rainy, sunny or any other description of the climate in the immediate area.
The Time of Arrival
The time when the Desk Officer dispatches the investigator/s is also recorded, together with the names of the investigator, with the means transportation, either by mobile car, taxi or other means.
The Time of Dispatch
The identity of the one who received the report in the station must be properly noted.
The Reciever of the Report
The exact time of the report to include the minute must be recorded.
The Time of Report
Refers to the methods of reporting the crime whether it reached the station through phone call, personal appearance or other means.
The Means of Reporting
It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence to include the identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of suspect/s at the crime scene.
Crime Scene Investigation
This is the place where the crime is committed, and physical evidence are evident therein.
The Crime Scene
This is the place where the crime is committed, and physical evidence are evident therein.
The Crime Scene
Is said to be the “TREASURE ISLAND”
The Crime Scene
All areas in which the criminal, any possible victim, and any eyewitness move during the time crime was committed.
The Crime Scene
