Midterm Flashcards
Associate sensory and motor activity in CNS
inter neurons
The _____ method studies the effects of damaged areas of the brain.
Lesion method
The mechanism by which those traits responsible for the survival of the organism are passed down to its’ offspring is
Natural selection
Any given neuron can be connected to:
1000-10,000 other neurons
Action potential is
The result of an exchange of ions through the neuronal membrane
A _____measures the amount of glucose metabolism that is occurring in a specific area of the brain
PET scan
Role of glial cells
To provide support and nurture neurons
The speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by:
Myelin
_____ are the glial cells responsible for the synthesis of myelin which surrounds the axon of the neuron.
a)
Stem
Schwann cells
The _____ of the neuron receive the message from the presnynaptic neuron.
Dendrites
It is generally believed that information is coded in the central nervous system via:
Firing rates and patterns of population of cells
Paul Broca’s patient suddenly developed expressive aphasia. Upon autopsy, a lesion was found in what area of the brain, and what was that area responsible for?
Left frontal lobe, an area believed to be the center responsible for expressive language
The entire Genome of an organism, including those genes that cannot be seen as physical traits, is referred to as
Genotype
The _____is the part of the neuron which synthesizes and holds the neurotransmitter until it is released.
Presynaptic terminal
The majority of our DNA is referred to as “Junk” DNA because it is now believed it has absolutely no function at all.
False
The term degenerative is often used to describe diseases that affect the central nervous system. If a disease is degenerative
It gets worse generally over time
The process by which Post-synaptic Potentials (PSPs) arriving at different locations on the soma are combined is referred to as:
Spatial summation
_____ is the term used to describe the fact that the structure of the brain changes.
Plasticity
is the condition in which deterioration of the myelin results in the slowing or stopping of an action potential in the affected neurons.
MS
The Nature vs. Nurture debate is the idea that
c)
Neither biological processes or environmental processes solely define how we behave; it is a combination of both
Which of the following is true of Epigenetics?
Environment can modify or trigger the activation of certain genes and are potentially reversible
An _____ results in a depolarization of the neuron, moving it more towards zero.
EPSP
When a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, it is an example of a(n)
Diffusion
According to the Human Genome project, the genomes of humans and chimpanzees overlap approximately _____.
98%
A _____ is an undifferentiated cell that can transform itself into any types of cells in its’ immediate environment.
Stem cell
The sedative effects of alcohol are the result of it enhancing _____ transmission.
GABA
_____ is the mechanism of psychotropic drug action where a substance can inhibit enzymes responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.
Enzyme inhibition
The Cholinergic Hypothesis suggests that early in the disease process, cells that release _____ are lost which ultimately results in the development of _____.
Acyetocholine Alzheimer’s
Neurotransmitters are released in a process called ____________ ;
Excocytosis
One of the main roles of the opioids in the brain is to act as a natural
Analgesic
_____are the class of opioid peptides that have both analgesic and mood regulatory effects associated with a sense of well-being and euphoria.
Dorphines
The condition of schizophrenia has been associated with abnormalities in the _____ system
Dopamine
The benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological effects primarily by modulating the activity of:
GABA
_____ is the process by which an enzyme is released into the synapse in order to destroy the transmitter molecule and end the postsynaptic potential.
Enzyme deactivation
Cocaine exerts its effects by the mechanism of _____, leading to an increased concentration of _____ in the synaptic cleft.
Reuptake dompimine
_____is the principle excitatory substance in the CNS
Glutamate
One of the mechanisms involved with the development of addiction is:
Natural rewards lose their reward value while cues for drugs (i.e. paraphernalia) increase in their reward value
The term _____ describes when the number and sensitivity of receptors decreases in response to chronically high levels of activation of a particular neurotransmitter system.
Down regulation
The brain’s reward system releases increased levels of dopamine in response to:
Novelty
Too little _____ is often associated with depression and anxiety disorders
Serotonin
Excitotoxicity is generally considered to the result of excess release of:
Glutamate
is one of the main neurotransmitters involved with the flight or fight response.
Epinephrine
The _____ is made up of tight junctions between the cells of blood vessels in the brain that is a highly selective and protective barrier that separates the blood circulation from the brain’s extracellular fluid, keeping most substances our of the brain.
Blood brain barrier
Many theories regarding behavioral addictions suggest:
The reward system begins to respond in both anticipation and occurrence of stimuli or activities that can lead to addiction
The process by which the excess neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as:
Reuptake
_refers to the process by which the responsiveness of neurons decreases over time when exposed to a constant or repeated stimulus.
Habituation
When understanding the impact of a psychotropic drug on the brain, one must consider:
All of the above
The _____ is the area of the brain often discussed as being involved in the development of addiction and it is responsible for the release of _____, the neurotransmitter often associated with pleasure.
Nucleus Accumbens; Dopamine
The _____ receptor is responsible for the process known as Long Term Potentiation (LTP):
NMDA
A _____ ion channel is equipped with its’ own binding site and when the neurotransmitter binds with it, it opens immediately.
Ionotropic receptor
