Midterm

Question 1

Associate sensory and motor activity in CNS

Answer 1

inter neurons

Question 2

The _____ method studies the effects of damaged areas of the brain.

Answer 2

Lesion method

Question 3

The mechanism by which those traits responsible for the survival of the organism are passed down to its’ offspring is

Answer 3

Natural selection

Question 4

Any given neuron can be connected to:

Answer 4

1000-10,000 other neurons

Question 5

Action potential is

Answer 5

The result of an exchange of ions through the neuronal membrane

Question 6

A _____measures the amount of glucose metabolism that is occurring in a specific area of the brain

Answer 6

PET scan

Question 7

Role of glial cells

Answer 7

To provide support and nurture neurons

Question 8

The speed at which nerve impulses travel down an axon are greatly increased by:

Answer 8

Myelin

Question 9

_____ are the glial cells responsible for the synthesis of myelin which surrounds the axon of the neuron.

a)

Stem

Answer 9

Schwann cells

Question 10

The _____ of the neuron receive the message from the presnynaptic neuron.

Answer 10

Dendrites

Question 11

It is generally believed that information is coded in the central nervous system via:

Answer 11

Firing rates and patterns of population of cells

Question 12

Paul Broca’s patient suddenly developed expressive aphasia. Upon autopsy, a lesion was found in what area of the brain, and what was that area responsible for?

Answer 12

Left frontal lobe, an area believed to be the center responsible for expressive language

Question 13

The entire Genome of an organism, including those genes that cannot be seen as physical traits, is referred to as

Answer 13

Genotype

Question 14

The _____is the part of the neuron which synthesizes and holds the neurotransmitter until it is released.

Answer 14

Presynaptic terminal

Question 15

The majority of our DNA is referred to as “Junk” DNA because it is now believed it has absolutely no function at all.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

The term degenerative is often used to describe diseases that affect the central nervous system. If a disease is degenerative

Answer 16

It gets worse generally over time

Question 17

The process by which Post-synaptic Potentials (PSPs) arriving at different locations on the soma are combined is referred to as:

Answer 17

Spatial summation

Question 18

_____ is the term used to describe the fact that the structure of the brain changes.

Answer 18

Plasticity

Question 19

is the condition in which deterioration of the myelin results in the slowing or stopping of an action potential in the affected neurons.

Answer 19

MS

Question 20

The Nature vs. Nurture debate is the idea that

Answer 20

c)

Neither biological processes or environmental processes solely define how we behave; it is a combination of both

Question 21

Which of the following is true of Epigenetics?

Answer 21

Environment can modify or trigger the activation of certain genes and are potentially reversible

Question 22

An _____ results in a depolarization of the neuron, moving it more towards zero.

Answer 22

EPSP

Question 23

When a substance moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, it is an example of a(n)

Answer 23

Diffusion

Question 24

According to the Human Genome project, the genomes of humans and chimpanzees overlap approximately _____.

Answer 24

98%

Question 25

A _____ is an undifferentiated cell that can transform itself into any types of cells in its' immediate environment.

Answer 25

Stem cell

Question 26

The sedative effects of alcohol are the result of it enhancing _____ transmission.

Answer 26

GABA

Question 27

_____ is the mechanism of psychotropic drug action where a substance can inhibit enzymes responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.

Answer 27

Enzyme inhibition

Question 28

The Cholinergic Hypothesis suggests that early in the disease process, cells that release _____ are lost which ultimately results in the development of _____.

Answer 28

Acyetocholine Alzheimer’s

Question 29

Neurotransmitters are released in a process called ____________ ;

Answer 29

Excocytosis

Question 30

One of the main roles of the opioids in the brain is to act as a natural

Answer 30

Analgesic

Question 31

_____are the class of opioid peptides that have both analgesic and mood regulatory effects associated with a sense of well-being and euphoria.

Answer 31

Dorphines

Question 32

The condition of schizophrenia has been associated with abnormalities in the _____ system

Answer 32

Dopamine

Question 33

The benzodiazepines exert their pharmacological effects primarily by modulating the activity of:

Answer 33

GABA

Question 34

_____ is the process by which an enzyme is released into the synapse in order to destroy the transmitter molecule and end the postsynaptic potential.

Answer 34

Enzyme deactivation

Question 35

Cocaine exerts its effects by the mechanism of _____, leading to an increased concentration of _____ in the synaptic cleft.

Answer 35

Reuptake dompimine

Question 36

_____is the principle excitatory substance in the CNS

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

One of the mechanisms involved with the development of addiction is:

Answer 37

Natural rewards lose their reward value while cues for drugs (i.e. paraphernalia) increase in their reward value

Question 38

The term _____ describes when the number and sensitivity of receptors decreases in response to chronically high levels of activation of a particular neurotransmitter system.

Answer 38

Down regulation

Question 39

The brain's reward system releases increased levels of dopamine in response to:

Answer 39

Novelty

Question 40

Too little _____ is often associated with depression and anxiety disorders

Answer 40

Serotonin

Question 41

Excitotoxicity is generally considered to the result of excess release of:

Answer 41

Glutamate

Question 42

is one of the main neurotransmitters involved with the flight or fight response.

Answer 42

Epinephrine

Question 43

The _____ is made up of tight junctions between the cells of blood vessels in the brain that is a highly selective and protective barrier that separates the blood circulation from the brain's extracellular fluid, keeping most substances our of the brain.

Answer 43

Blood brain barrier

Question 44

Many theories regarding behavioral addictions suggest:

Answer 44

The reward system begins to respond in both anticipation and occurrence of stimuli or activities that can lead to addiction

Question 45

The process by which the excess neurotransmitter is taken back into the presynaptic neuron is referred to as:

Answer 45

Reuptake

Question 46

_refers to the process by which the responsiveness of neurons decreases over time when exposed to a constant or repeated stimulus.

Answer 46

Habituation

Question 47

When understanding the impact of a psychotropic drug on the brain, one must consider:

Answer 47

All of the above

Question 48

The _____ is the area of the brain often discussed as being involved in the development of addiction and it is responsible for the release of _____, the neurotransmitter often associated with pleasure.

Answer 48

Nucleus Accumbens; Dopamine

Question 49

The _____ receptor is responsible for the process known as Long Term Potentiation (LTP):

Answer 49

NMDA

Question 50

A _____ ion channel is equipped with its' own binding site and when the neurotransmitter binds with it, it opens immediately.

Answer 50

Ionotropic receptor