Midterm

Question 1

a “bottom up” method of research which begins with observation -> finding a pattern -> tentative hypothesis -> theory

Answer 1

Inductive Approach

Question 2

A “top down” method of research. A conclusion is found based on multiple reasons that are assumed to be true.

Answer 2

Deductive Approach

Question 3

This research typically explains phenomena and often times also looks to broaden the knowledge of preexisting data or research and dives deeper into theoretical assumptions.

Answer 3

Theoretical Research

Question 4

This reseach method uses direct or indirect observation either qualitatively or quantitatively.

Answer 4

Empirical Research

Question 5

This research describes the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. It does not answer how/when/why questions, rather it answers the question of “what” (what are the characteristics of the population or situation being studied)

Answer 5

Descriptive Research

Question 6

This type of research helps identify the potency of a relationship between two or more variables

Answer 6

Relational Research

Question 7

This research looks at one event and seeks to discover the events that precede the given event. It also may start with two or more events and seek to discover is one is caused by another. Researches the question of “why did this happen”

Answer 7

Causal Research

Question 8

something that takes on varying (get it?) values or categories

Answer 8

Variable

Question 9

a variable that is presumed to cause changes to occur in another variable

Answer 9

Independent Variable

Question 10

a variable that changes because of change in another variable

Answer 10

Dependent Variable

Question 11

An attribute is a specific value on a variable

Answer 11

Attribute

Question 12

Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research method, in which a researcher measures two variables, understands and assess the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable

Answer 12

Correlational Relationship

Question 13

Causal Relationship (3 types of evidence needed for it from Lead and Crime lecture AND search for “causal relationships” in our online open-source research text)

Answer 13

Causal Relationship (3 types of evidence needed for it from Lead and Crime lecture AND search for “causal relationships” in our online open-source research text)

Question 14

Positive Relationship, Negative Relationship, No Relationship

Answer 14

3 Patterns of Relationships

Question 15

Data that can be described and manipulated numerically.

Answer 15

Qualitative Data

Question 16

Data that counted an measured, usually expressed as numbers.

Answer 16

Quantitative Data

Question 17

The Unit of Analysis is the subject being analyzed in a study

Answer 17

Unit of Analysis

Question 18

A literature review is a search and evaluation of the available literature in your given subject or chosen topic area

Answer 18

Literature Review

Question 19

Reliability refers to whether or not you get the same answer by using an instrument to measure something more than once. In simple terms, research reliability is the degree to which research method produces stable and consistent results.

Answer 19

Reliability

Question 19

Used to measure how well a test measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 19

Reliability

Question 20

Creates exact definitions of each variable and exact measurement methods used

Answer 20

Operationalization

Question 21

The variety of complications that can come when designing surveys. The”Issues” are dependent on the type of survey being designed

Answer 21

Issues in Survey Design

Question 21

Sampling is the process of selecting units from a population of interest so that by studying the sample we may fairly generalize our results back to the population from which they were chosen.

Answer 21

Sampling

Question 22

“analysis of the manifest and latent content of a body of communicated material (such as a book or film) through a classification, tabulation, and evaluation of its key symbols and themes in order to ascertain its meaning and probable effect

Answer 22

Content Analysis,

Question 23

Red herring is a kind of fallacy that is an irrelevant topic introduced in an argument to divert the attention of listeners or readers from the original issue

Answer 23

Red Herring–associated with Logical Fallacy

Question 24

When a person making a claim is presented as an expert who should be trusted when his or her expertise is not in the area being discussed.

Answer 24

Arguement from Authority–Logical Fallacy

Question 25

Using a percieved consequence of a belief to explain why the belief is true or false.

Answer 25

Argument from Adverse Consequences–Logical Fallacy

Question 26

Whatever has not been proven false must be true, or vice versa.

Answer 26

Appeal to Ignorance–Logical Fallacy

Question 27

Only including the data/evidnece that supports your argument while ignoring all else

Answer 27

Observational Selection–Logical Fallacy

Question 27

A tactic used to rescue one in deep rhetorical trouble. A “you-wouldn’t-understand” kind of thing. A cop out.

Answer 27

Special Pleading–Logical Fallacy

Question 28

Assuming the answer.

Answer 28

Begging the Question–Logical Fallacy

Question 29

When one draws conclusions from sample sizes that are too small.

Answer 29

Statistics of Small Numbers–Logical Fallacy

Question 29

Connecting to completely unrelated conclusions

Answer 29

Non Sequitur-Logical Fallacy

Question 30

Not taking into account the continuum of intermediate possibilites when considering possible outcomes from an action.

Answer 30

Slippery Slope, related to excluded middle–Logical Fallacy

Question 30

Illegitimate causation, usually the result of superstition.

Answer 30

Post hoc, ergo propter hoc–Logical Fallacy

Question 31

Only considering the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities.

Answer 31

Excluded Middle or False Dichotomy–Logical Fallacy

Question 32

Confusion in thinking that becuase two things are related (have a correlation), that one must cause the other.

Answer 32

Confusion of Correlation and Causation–logical Fallacy

Question 32

Caricaturing/make a joke of a position to make it easier to attack.

Answer 32

Straw Man–Logical Fallacy