Midterm Flashcards
Pathophysiology
the study of the physical and functional changes that occur during a disease process
Etiology
study of the causes and reason for a particular disease or injury
Idopathic
cause is unknown
Iatrogenic
resulting from medical treatment
Risk Factor
Increase likelihood of disease
Latent Period
Time between exposure and first appearance of S & S
Prodromal Period
When S&S first appear, indicating onset of disease
Acute Phase
Disease/illness is at full intensity
-May be short-lived but intense manifestation
Chronic Illness
May last months to years, sometimes after acute course
Exacerbation
A sudden increase in severity of disease or Signs and symptoms
Remission
Decrease in severity, S&S: may indicate disease is cured
Convalescent
Stage of recovery after a disease, injury or surgey
4 Factors that Affect Health and Disease
Cultural Consideration
Age Difference
Gender Differences
Situational Differences
Epidemiology
Study of the patterns of disease involving populations
- Examines the occurance, incidence, prevalence, transmission, and distribution of disease in large groups of populations/people
Endemic disease
Consistently present within a particular geographic area or population
Often associated with specific environmental or social factors
Epidemic
Sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in a specific region or population
- Can be caused by a new strain of a pathogen, changes in the environment or lapses in vaccination coverage
Pandemic
Epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents, affecting a large portion of the global population
- Involves a new pathogen to which most people have little or no immunity
Levels of Organiztion
Nucleus - Heart muscle cell - Heart muscle - Heart - Circulatory system
Organelles - Cell - Tissue - Organ - System
Cell Structure (3 Main Parts)
Cell Membrane: Encase the cell and regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell
Nucleus: Houses the majority of the cells DNA/genetic material
Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid inside the cell that contains various cell components with specific functions (DOES NOT INCLUDE NUCLEUS)
5 Stages of Cell Cycle
G-0 (Resting Stage)
G-1
S (Synthesis)
G-2 (Pre-mitotic Phase)
M (mitosis)
G-0 (Resting Stage)
Phase where cells conduct their everyday activities specific to cell type (Eg, metabolism, contraction etc)
- Cells spend most of their lifetime in this phase**
G-1 Phase
- First Step after receiving signal to divide
- Cell synthesizes ribonucleic acid (RNA), proteins, and other components needed for DNA duplication
S (Synthesis)
Cells duplicate its DNA
G-2 (Pre-Mitotic Phase)
Cell makes additional proteins and the components necessary for cell division/mitosis
M (mitosis) Phase
Cell undergoes mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, & telophase)
- Results in the cell splitting into 2 identical cells
Cell Proliferation
Cells multiply through mitosis where one cell divides to make two new daughter cells identical to the parent cell
- Allows the body to grow, repair, and replace cells
- Tightly regulates to ensure that cells divide only when necessary
Cell Differentiation
Process by which a cell becomes more specialized with distinct functions and characteristics
- Ensures cells can perform specialized functions necessary for organisms survival
- Stem Cells: are special cells with the ability to develop into various cell types
- They receive signals directing them to become a specific type of cell
Cell Types
Labile
Stable
Permanent
Labile Cells
Constantly dividing and replacing cells that are lost
Eg. the skin, intestinal epithelial cells
Stable Cells
Do not divide under normal conditions but can be stimulated to divide after injury
Eg. Hepatocytes and liver regeneration (Zeus vs Prometheus)
Permanent Cells
Lack regeneration ability
Eg, cardiac, neural, and skeletal cells
- Cardiac tissues don’t heal after MI, causing reduced cardiac capacity
4 Types of Tissues
Epithelial
Muscular
Connective
Nervous
Epithelial Tissues
Line all internal and external surfaces
Muscular Tissues
Specialized for contraction, allowing movement and force generation in the body
Connective Tissue
Supports, connects, or separates different types of tissues and organs in the body
Nervous Tissue
Specialized tissues that transmit electrical impulses to coordinate bodily functions by facilitating communication between different body parts
Cellular Adaption
A cells ability to adjust in response to different stimuli and challenging environmental conditions that threaten their structure or function
- Stimuli can be Physiological (breast during pregnancy), or pathological (aging)
- Cells may change in size, number, or type, to adapt
- If stress is too severe or the adaptations are not effective, the cell may become injured or die
5 Cellular Adaptations
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Atrophy
- Decreases in cell size leading to tissue degeneration
- Atrophied cells = decrease in cell content = reduced oxygen consumption
- Caused by: Disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia
Hypertrophy
Enlargement of cells increase in size and functional components
Eg. Bigger muscle = more ATP, more actin and myosin filaments
- Results from increased functional demands or specific hormonal stimuli
- Caused by: Exercise & muscle mass, uterus enlargement in pregnancy (physiological), myocardial hypertrophy from hypertension (pathological)
Hyperplasia
- “plasia” = Cell formation or growth
- Controlled increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
- Occurs in wound healing with proliferation fibroblasts of connective tissues
- Different from hypertrophy BUT may occur TOGETHER (Eg. uterus)
- Cause by: Stimulation of endometrium in the follicular stage of menstrual cycle (physio), Benign prostate hyperplasia (patho), endometrial hyperplasia (patho)
Metaplasia
Reversible replacement of mature, differentiated cell-type by another cell-type that is better suited to tolerate a particular stimuli or environment
- Reprogramming of undifferentiated stem cells present in tissue, but conversion of cell type remains within boundaries of primary tissue (epithelial cells CANNOT be converted to cardiac cell)
- Caused by: Barret’s Oesophagus (in response to reflux), replacement of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in bronchi w/ stratified squamous epi (smoking)
Neoplasia
When signals cause metaplasia to persist, they frequently lead to the development of neoplasia
Dysplasia
Disordered growth in tissue, resulting in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
- Caused by irritation (smoke), or inflammation (radiation causes damage to cell DNA)
- Mild-moderate cases may regress if underlying cause if alleviated but severe dysplasia can be a precursor to irreversible malignancy
Intracellular Accumulation
- Describes the build-up of substance that the cells cannot immediately use or eliminate
Normal Body Substance
Substance is produced faster than it can be metabolized or excreted
Eg. Obesity = high delivery of free fatty acids from adipose tissues to the liver = accumulation of FFA = Fatty liver
Abnormal Endogenous Products
May result from disorders that disrupt metabolism due to abnormal or missing enzyme
Eg, Von Gierke disease where a deficiency in Glucose-6-phosphatase leads to accumulation of glycogen in the liver and kidneys
Exogenous Products
Environmental agents and pigments
Eg. Accumulation of carbon dust blackens the lung tissue and may cause serious lung disease
Pathological Calcifications
2 Types: Dystrophic & Metastatic
Involve abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts, and other minerals in tissues