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Cognitive Science > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognitive science

A

The scientific interdisciplinary study of the mind

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2
Q

What is computation

A

The transformation or manipulation of information

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3
Q

What is representation

A

Something that stands for something else

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4
Q

What are referents

A

The thing or things in the external world that a representation stands for

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5
Q

What is symbolic

A

A representation that stands for something else

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6
Q

What is a semantic

A

The meaning of a representation

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7
Q

What is intentionality

A

The relationship between a representation and what it stands for

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8
Q

What is appropriate causal relation

A

The relation between sensory inputs, motor outputs, and the representations that come between them

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9
Q

What is the formal system

A

A system of symbols that can be combined into expressions that can then be manipulated by processes to form new expressions

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10
Q

What is the Physical Symbol System Hypothesis

A

The idea that a formal system can allow for intelligence even in computers

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11
Q

What is the symbol grounding problem

A

An argument against the PSSH that states computer symbols cannot have semantic properties because computer programs are not in bodies that can percieve and act in the world

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12
Q

What is designate

A

The notion that a symbol expression can designate an object if it can affect the object itself or behave in ways that depend on the object

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13
Q

What is a concept

A

an idea that reoresent a class of entitites that have been grouped together

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14
Q

What is a proposition

A

A statement or assertion typically posed in the form of a simple sentence

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15
Q

What is the production rule

A

Propositions or predicates whose truth or falsity can be determined

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16
Q

What is declarative knowledge

A

Knowledge that represents facts

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17
Q

What is procedural knowledge

A

Knowledge that represents skills

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18
Q

What is an analogy

A

A mental representation used to compare known information with new information to which it is similar

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19
Q

What is computational level

A

An abstract level of analysis that asks what type of problem a computation solves and how it may have arisen

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20
Q

What is an algorithm

A

A formal procedure or system that acts on informational representations

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21
Q

What is a procedure

A

An algorithmic process

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22
Q

What is algorithmic level

A

A level of information processing that specifies exactly how the data are to be transformed, including what the steps are and what the order of the steps is

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23
Q

What is implementational level

A

A “hardware” level of analysis that specifies the pjysical processes that carry out a computation

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24
Q

What is the formal symbol manipulator

A

A system that operates on contentless symbols based on a set of rules

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25
Q

What is dynamical perspective

A

A perspective that views the mind as constantly changing as it adapts to new information

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26
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

The application of the rules of logic to statements about the world; if the premise statements are correct, then the concluding statement must be as well

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27
Q

What is inductive reasoning

A

A form of thinking in which commonalities about specific instances in the world are noticed and used to draw conclusions

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28
Q

What is experimental philosophy

A

A form of philosophy that utilizes empirical methods, typically in the form of surveys that provide constructed scenarios. The surveys are used to assess people’s intuitions in order to help answer philosophical questions

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29
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging

A

A brain imaging technique in which a patient is placed inside a tube containing a powerful magnet. Protons align themselves in this magnetic field. A radio wave pulse is then applied to the brain or other part of the body undergoing the scan. The radio signals are bounced back and picked up by a detector unit

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30
Q

What is the hierarchical paradigm

A

A highly sequential robotic architecture in which planning is a key element of it’s design; also referrred to as a “top-down” approach to robotic design

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31
Q

What is metaphysics

A

The branch of philosophy that examines the nature of reality

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32
Q

What is epistemology

A

The branch of philosophy devoted to the study of knowledge

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33
Q

What is monism

A

The belief that the mental and physical consist of a single type of state or substance

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34
Q

What is dualism

A

The belief that the mental and physical consist of different states or subtances

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35
Q

What is the philosophical behaviourism

A

The idea that mental states are dispositions or tendencies to behave in certain ways under certain circumstances

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36
Q

What is idealism

A

The belief that only mental entities are real that the universe is essentially nonphysical

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37
Q

What is physicalism

A

Also known as materialism; the belief that the universde is entirely physical

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38
Q

What is the identity theory

A

The philosophical view that themind is the brain; mental states are the physical states of the brain

39
Q

What is eliminativism

A

The philosophical view that advocates abandoning words describibing the mind and using only words describing the brain

40
Q

What is folk psychology

A

Theories of mind that use subjective terms and commonsense or intuitive reasoning

41
Q

What is multiple realization

A

The view that nay given mental state, such as pain can be instantiated or realizxed differently in different creatures

42
Q

What is classical dualism

A

THe belief that both mental and physical realms are possible where the mind controls the body

43
Q

What is substance dualism

A

The view that the mind and the body are composed of completely different substances

44
Q

What is property dualism

A

The view that the mind and the body are made of the same stuff but have different properties

45
Q

What are physical kinds

A

Things that are identified by their material composition only

46
Q

What are functional kinds

A

Things that are distinguished by their actions or tendencies

47
Q

What is functionalism

A

The view that mental states are not just physical states but the functioning or operation of those physical states

48
Q

What is qualia

A

The felt or experienced character of mental states

49
Q

What is the nature-nuture debate

A

A controversy that centers on the relative contribution of biology and experience in determining any particular capacity

50
Q

What is nativism

A

A belief that a significant body of knowledge is innate or “built into” an organism

51
Q

What is rationalism

A

The belief in the existence of innate ideas

52
Q

What is empiricism

A

The view that knowledge is acquired through experience

53
Q

What are simple ideas

A

Ideas derived through sensory input or simple processes of reflection

54
Q

What are complex ideas

A

Ideas formed from the active mental combination of simple ideas

55
Q

What are reflexes

A

A behavior in which a stimulus triggers sensory neurons that activate intermediary neurons, which turn activate motor, causing a simple motor response

56
Q

What is phenomenal concept of mind

A

The idea of mind as a conscious experience

57
Q

What is the psychological concept of mind

A

The idea of mind as mental states that cause and explain behavior

58
Q

What is are the easy problems of consciousness

A

Those problems that can be solved by cognitive science and that can be explained in terms of computational or neural mechanisms

59
Q

What are the hard problems of consciousness

A

Those problems that require explaining the subjective quality of consciousness

60
Q

What are explanatory gap

A

The problem that subjective experience may not be fully explained by an objective account using physical and mechanical processes; the gulf between an objective and subjective description of mental phenomena

61
Q

What is reductionism

A

The idea that an understanding of parts can completely account for the behavior of a whole

62
Q

What is emergence

A

The idea that the features of a whole are not completely independent of the parts that make them up

63
Q

What is the emergent property

A

A property that is realized through the interaction of a system’s parts

64
Q

What is the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

A

That part of a computer that executes the instructions and controls the sequence of instructions to be carried out

65
Q

What is a homunculus

A

A hypothetical “little man” inside *the mind who interprets and understands information

66
Q

What is the Neural correlates of Consciousness (NCC)

A

The minimal set of neural events and structures sufficient for a specific conscious experience

67
Q

What is binocular rivalry

A

A phenomenon in which two perceptions alternately view for visual consciousness

68
Q

What is strong AI

A

View asserts that consciousness can arise from a purely physical process

69
Q

What is weak AI

A

Consciousness is itself either not a physical process, and so can never be reproduced, or is a physical process but such a complex one that we will never be able to duplicate it artificially

70
Q

What is the chinese room scenario

A

A hypothetical situation in which a man uses a set of instructions to produce replies to questions in Chinese. It argues that the man can never learn to understand Chinese

71
Q

What is psychology

A

THe scientific study of mind and behavior

72
Q

What is a scientific method

A

A process of studying natural phenomena that involves observation and the testing of hypotheses through the use of experiments

73
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A statement derived from a theory that concerns potential outcomes in an experiment

74
Q

What is a theory

A

A set of statements that organizes facts and aids in understanding how the world works

75
Q

What is an independent variable

A

In an experiment, a factor manipulated or altered by the experimenter to see if it will cause a change

76
Q

What is a dependent variable

A

A factor measured or observed by the experimenter to see if a change has taken place

77
Q

What is an experimental group

A

In an experiment, the group receiving the independent variable

78
Q

What is a control group

A

The group in an experiment that does not receive the independent variable

79
Q

What is voluntarism

A

A movement that viewed the mind as consisting of elements and stressed that these elements were assembled into higher level cognitive components through the power of the will

80
Q

What is introspection

A

The process of “looking inward” to experience and descrive mental objects or states

81
Q

What is immediate experience

A

An individual’s direct awareness of something

82
Q

What is mediate experiences

A

Experiences that come from mental reflection about an object

83
Q

What is the tridimensional theory of feeling

A

A theory stating that all feelings can be characterized by three dimensions: pleasure-displeasure, tension-relaxtion and excitement-depression

84
Q

What is creative synthesis

A

A principle by which the mind actively organizes mental elements together such that the resulting whole contains new properties. The new properties cannot be explained by the characteristics of the individuel elements themselves

85
Q

What is structuralism

A

A theory that emphasizes studying the structure or basic elements of mind and how they combine

86
Q

What is stimulus error

A

Confusing our true experience of an object with description of the object based on language and past experience

87
Q

What is reagent

A

A substance added to a mixture to produce a particular chemical reaction

88
Q

What is quality

A

The characterustuc that distinguishes sensations from one another

89
Q

What is intensity

A

The strength of a sensation

90
Q

What is duration

A

How long a sesnation persists

91
Q

What is clearness

A

The clarity of a sensation determined by the amount of attention paid to it

92
Q

What is extensity

A

The extent to which a sensation fills or occupies space

93
Q

What is psychophysics

A

The use of quantitative methods to measure relationships between stimuli, which are physical , and perception, which is psychological

94
Q
A

Cognitive Science (1 decks)

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