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Urban Geography > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

time-space convergence

A

rate at which place move closer together in travel/communication time/costs

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2
Q

Adam’s 4-Stage Structural Evolution Model

A

1) Walking/Horsecar
2) Electric Streetcar
3) Automobile
4) Freeway Era

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3
Q

Spatial Interaction and Diffusion

A

movement and flows across space involving human activity and mutual dependence that develops

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4
Q

complementarity

A

for any interaction to occur between 2 places –> must be demand in 1 place, supply in other

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5
Q

What factors determine complementarity?

A

1) variation in physical environments and resource endowments
2) internal division of labor
3) operations of principles of specialization and economies of scale

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6
Q

transferability

A

cost of moving particular item, ability of item to bear cost

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7
Q

formal regions

A

groups of areal units with increasing homogeneity in some feature (i.e. religion, household income)

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8
Q

functional regions

A

regions within which, while there may be some variability, there is an overall coherence to structure and dynamics of economic, political, social organization

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9
Q

Agricultural Surplus Theory

A

formers produce more food than needed to support families –> support increasing pop. that is not directly engaged in ag.

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10
Q

Impact of Hydrology (Wittfogel)

A

early cities emerged in areas dependent on irrigation and flood control
stimulated urban development by promoting occupational specialization, social organizational centrality, and population growth based on surplus

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11
Q

Pressure of Population Theory (Boserup)

A

increasing population and or/wild food scarcity –> ag + urban life

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12
Q

5 Regions that Provide Earliest Evidence for Urbanization & Civilization

A

1) Mesopotamia
2) Egypt
3) Indus Valley (Pakistan)
4) Northern China
5) Mesoamerica

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13
Q

Planned Cities

A

may be evidence of political central control but X mean cities grew organically

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14
Q

Ancient Greek Contributions to Urban Development

A
  • served 4 functions: religious, commerce, admin, defense
  • long distance sea trade
  • overseas colonization
  • gridiron street pattern
  • democracy
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15
Q

Ancient Roman Contributions to Urban Development

A
  • laid foundation for W. Europe system
  • build infrastructure (roads)
  • health improvements
  • mass housing
  • Roman forum
  • public monuments/housing
  • more complex social geography
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16
Q

economies of scale

A

advantages from efficiency of specialization –> large-scale operations

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17
Q

globalization

A

geographic reorganization of industrial production & service provision, especially capital availability + financial services

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18
Q

capitalism

A

distinct economic & social organization in which labor seperated from the means of production + manufactured product

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19
Q

international companies

A

importers and exporters, have X investment outside of home country

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20
Q

multinational companies

A

investments in other countries, but X coordinated product offerings in each country, more focused on adapting to each individual local market

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21
Q

global companies

A

invested & present in many countries with same coordinated image/brand in all markets

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22
Q

transnational companies

A

invested in foreign operations and central corp facility but give decision, R&D, marketing powers to each individual foreign market

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23
Q

Core Periphery Model

A

describes how economic political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions & more marginal/dependant semi-peripheral + peripheral regions

24
Q

Stages of Development

A

Pre-Industrial
Transitional
Industrial
Post-Industrial
(PiTIPi)

25
Q

Pre-Industrial

A

ag society, localized economies & small-scale settlement structure (fairly isolated)

26
Q

Transitional

A

concentration of economy in core city begins as result of capital accumulation & industrial growth, trade + mobility increase but within pattern centered @ core in overall mobility low

27
Q

Industrial

A

other growth centers emerge through economic growth & diffusion, deconcentration due to rising input costs in core area

28
Q

Post-Industrial

A

urban system fully integrated & spatial inequalities reduced, economic activity distribution creates specilization and division of labor

29
Q

World City Hypothesis (Friedmann)

A

world economy decisive for structural changes within (space, labor, capital), form hierarchy of “basing points” in spatial organization, global control functions noted in employment

30
Q

Roles of World City

A

tourism, commoditytrade, foreign investment, investment banking, insurance, other financial services, political power @ national & international levels, non-profit orgs, advanced professional services, specializaed luxury goods, mass-produced goods consumption, high-order info production, knowledge export, large corps, culture, arts, entertainment

31
Q

5 Epochs of American Urban System

A

Frontier Urbanization
Mercantile Epoch
Industrial Expansion + Realignment
Industrialization
Fordism + Mass Production
(FMIIF)

32
Q

entrepot

A

intermediary centers of trade + transport

33
Q

hinterlands

A

market area settlements that emerge as local market towns –> inland gateways

34
Q

gateway cities

A

provide:
* assembly of staple commodities for export
* distribution of imported manufactured goods
* civil admin of new territories

35
Q

friction of distance

A

time of cost of overcoming distance

36
Q

distance decay

A

rate @ which particular activity/phenomena decreases w/ increasing distance

37
Q

intervening opportunities

A

alternative origins and/or destinations that determine volume & pattern of movements/flows

38
Q

urban agglomeration

A

population contained within contours of contiguous territory inhabited @ urbandensity levels w/o regard to admin boundaries

39
Q

Central Place Theory (Christaller)

A

geographical theory to explain #, size, location of human settlements in urban system (settlements serve as “central places” to provide to surrounding areas)

40
Q

Factors that Determine Land Use

A

availbility, infrastructure, land use

41
Q

density gradients

A

change in density of urban area from center to periphery

42
Q

Land Value (LV)

A

Distribution + intensity of land use = f(distribution of LV)

43
Q

Bid Rents (BR)

A

LV (BR) = f(site, internal situation)
BR = LV @ PVI - Access Costs

44
Q

Access Costs

A

AC = distance * costs associated w/distance for a particular function

45
Q

PVI

A

prime value intersection

46
Q

collective consumption

A

people consume services that are particularly subject to political/state influence bc costs are partially socializaed through government subsidies/provision is specially regulated to foster social equality, or gov agencies organize service provision

47
Q

Models of American (& other) City Structures

A

Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
Sector Model (Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris, Ullman)
Edge Cities (as an expansion)

48
Q

W. European Cities

A
  • density & compactness
  • valued greenspace
  • historical preservation
  • popularity of multi-family housing
49
Q

Post-Communist E. European Cities

A
  • all land owned by state
  • CBDs focus on gov activities
  • cities often decentralized w/ factories, shops, residences evenly spread
  • egalitarian –> few social class divisions
  • controlled migration
  • microdistrict neighborhoods
  • most buildings X distinct, large-scale public housing
  • most cities perceived as centers of production vs. consumption
50
Q

Japanese Cities

A
  • historically admin centers
  • high density
  • bid rents high, land prioritized for commercial use
  • rugged topography –> urban + ag land use limited
  • poly-centric “edge cities” rare
  • neighborhoods “functionally + socially integrated” –> small businesses + residential –> increased economic equality
51
Q

Cities in Developing World

A
  • most urban dwellers in 3rd world cities where current pops 10x greater than pre-1960
  • often highly segregated by income
  • urbanization booming and expected to continue
  • uneven development, colonization remnants
52
Q

Rank Size Rule

A

in modern urban hierarchy, pop of city/town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
Pn = Pl/n (or R)

53
Q

primate city

A

leading city of country is disproportionately larger than rest of cities in respective country

54
Q

Vance’s Mercantile Model

A

external influences have been particularly important for urban hierarchy:
* exploration
* harvesting of natural resources
* emergence of far-based staple production
* established interior depot centers
* economic maturity + central place infiling

55
Q

Areas of Disamenity

A

Skid Rows
Red Light Districts
Railroad Tracks & Gulleys
Public Housing

Urban Geography (1 decks)

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