Midterm Flashcards
time-space convergence
rate at which place move closer together in travel/communication time/costs
Adam’s 4-Stage Structural Evolution Model
1) Walking/Horsecar
2) Electric Streetcar
3) Automobile
4) Freeway Era
Spatial Interaction and Diffusion
movement and flows across space involving human activity and mutual dependence that develops
complementarity
for any interaction to occur between 2 places –> must be demand in 1 place, supply in other
What factors determine complementarity?
1) variation in physical environments and resource endowments
2) internal division of labor
3) operations of principles of specialization and economies of scale
transferability
cost of moving particular item, ability of item to bear cost
formal regions
groups of areal units with increasing homogeneity in some feature (i.e. religion, household income)
functional regions
regions within which, while there may be some variability, there is an overall coherence to structure and dynamics of economic, political, social organization
Agricultural Surplus Theory
formers produce more food than needed to support families –> support increasing pop. that is not directly engaged in ag.
Impact of Hydrology (Wittfogel)
early cities emerged in areas dependent on irrigation and flood control
stimulated urban development by promoting occupational specialization, social organizational centrality, and population growth based on surplus
Pressure of Population Theory (Boserup)
increasing population and or/wild food scarcity –> ag + urban life
5 Regions that Provide Earliest Evidence for Urbanization & Civilization
1) Mesopotamia
2) Egypt
3) Indus Valley (Pakistan)
4) Northern China
5) Mesoamerica
Planned Cities
may be evidence of political central control but X mean cities grew organically
Ancient Greek Contributions to Urban Development
- served 4 functions: religious, commerce, admin, defense
- long distance sea trade
- overseas colonization
- gridiron street pattern
- democracy
Ancient Roman Contributions to Urban Development
- laid foundation for W. Europe system
- build infrastructure (roads)
- health improvements
- mass housing
- Roman forum
- public monuments/housing
- more complex social geography
economies of scale
advantages from efficiency of specialization –> large-scale operations
globalization
geographic reorganization of industrial production & service provision, especially capital availability + financial services
capitalism
distinct economic & social organization in which labor seperated from the means of production + manufactured product
international companies
importers and exporters, have X investment outside of home country
multinational companies
investments in other countries, but X coordinated product offerings in each country, more focused on adapting to each individual local market
global companies
invested & present in many countries with same coordinated image/brand in all markets
transnational companies
invested in foreign operations and central corp facility but give decision, R&D, marketing powers to each individual foreign market
Core Periphery Model
describes how economic political, and/or cultural power is spatially distributed between dominant core regions & more marginal/dependant semi-peripheral + peripheral regions
Stages of Development
Pre-Industrial
Transitional
Industrial
Post-Industrial
(PiTIPi)
Pre-Industrial
ag society, localized economies & small-scale settlement structure (fairly isolated)
Transitional
concentration of economy in core city begins as result of capital accumulation & industrial growth, trade + mobility increase but within pattern centered @ core in overall mobility low
Industrial
other growth centers emerge through economic growth & diffusion, deconcentration due to rising input costs in core area
Post-Industrial
urban system fully integrated & spatial inequalities reduced, economic activity distribution creates specilization and division of labor
World City Hypothesis (Friedmann)
world economy decisive for structural changes within (space, labor, capital), form hierarchy of “basing points” in spatial organization, global control functions noted in employment
Roles of World City
tourism, commoditytrade, foreign investment, investment banking, insurance, other financial services, political power @ national & international levels, non-profit orgs, advanced professional services, specializaed luxury goods, mass-produced goods consumption, high-order info production, knowledge export, large corps, culture, arts, entertainment
5 Epochs of American Urban System
Frontier Urbanization
Mercantile Epoch
Industrial Expansion + Realignment
Industrialization
Fordism + Mass Production
(FMIIF)
entrepot
intermediary centers of trade + transport
hinterlands
market area settlements that emerge as local market towns –> inland gateways
gateway cities
provide:
* assembly of staple commodities for export
* distribution of imported manufactured goods
* civil admin of new territories
friction of distance
time of cost of overcoming distance
distance decay
rate @ which particular activity/phenomena decreases w/ increasing distance
intervening opportunities
alternative origins and/or destinations that determine volume & pattern of movements/flows
urban agglomeration
population contained within contours of contiguous territory inhabited @ urbandensity levels w/o regard to admin boundaries
Central Place Theory (Christaller)
geographical theory to explain #, size, location of human settlements in urban system (settlements serve as “central places” to provide to surrounding areas)
Factors that Determine Land Use
availbility, infrastructure, land use
density gradients
change in density of urban area from center to periphery
Land Value (LV)
Distribution + intensity of land use = f(distribution of LV)
Bid Rents (BR)
LV (BR) = f(site, internal situation)
BR = LV @ PVI - Access Costs
Access Costs
AC = distance * costs associated w/distance for a particular function
PVI
prime value intersection
collective consumption
people consume services that are particularly subject to political/state influence bc costs are partially socializaed through government subsidies/provision is specially regulated to foster social equality, or gov agencies organize service provision
Models of American (& other) City Structures
Concentric Zone Model (Burgess)
Sector Model (Hoyt)
Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris, Ullman)
Edge Cities (as an expansion)
W. European Cities
- density & compactness
- valued greenspace
- historical preservation
- popularity of multi-family housing
Post-Communist E. European Cities
- all land owned by state
- CBDs focus on gov activities
- cities often decentralized w/ factories, shops, residences evenly spread
- egalitarian –> few social class divisions
- controlled migration
- microdistrict neighborhoods
- most buildings X distinct, large-scale public housing
- most cities perceived as centers of production vs. consumption
Japanese Cities
- historically admin centers
- high density
- bid rents high, land prioritized for commercial use
- rugged topography –> urban + ag land use limited
- poly-centric “edge cities” rare
- neighborhoods “functionally + socially integrated” –> small businesses + residential –> increased economic equality
Cities in Developing World
- most urban dwellers in 3rd world cities where current pops 10x greater than pre-1960
- often highly segregated by income
- urbanization booming and expected to continue
- uneven development, colonization remnants
Rank Size Rule
in modern urban hierarchy, pop of city/town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
Pn = Pl/n (or R)
primate city
leading city of country is disproportionately larger than rest of cities in respective country
Vance’s Mercantile Model
external influences have been particularly important for urban hierarchy:
* exploration
* harvesting of natural resources
* emergence of far-based staple production
* established interior depot centers
* economic maturity + central place infiling
Areas of Disamenity
Skid Rows
Red Light Districts
Railroad Tracks & Gulleys
Public Housing
