Midterm

Question 1

regenerative medicine?

Answer 1

using bodies own materials to heal or fix

Question 2

Webster Chapter One: what 3 categories of health technologies are considered to be innovative?

Answer 2

Pharmaceuticals
Medical Devices
Healthcare Services/Processes

Question 3

Length Time Bias

Answer 3

This bias arises when screening is more likely to detect slower-growing (less aggressive) forms of a disease than aggressive forms. As a result, the overall survival statistics may be misleadingly favorable. Bias of when sample is taken

Question 4

What is a systematic review (research synthesis)?

Answer 4

A systematic review is a comprehensive and structured evaluation of all relevant research studies on a specific question, aimed at summarizing the evidence and drawing reliable conclusions.

Question 5

2 Barriers in Canada to digital health

Answer 5

Barrier 1: Payment models can limit the adoption of digital health care tools
Barrier 2: Licensing requirements across provinces and territories

Question 6

Webster Chapter two: concept of social scaffold

Answer 6

A “social scaffold” refers to the network of institutions, organizations, and social norms that support the development and implementation of biomedical innovations

Question 7

is germ line gene therapy legal in canada

Answer 7

no, cant use embroynic cells either

Question 8

Describe Rogers’ theories of technology adoption

Answer 8

Innovation
Communication Channels.
Time:
Social System

Question 9

PICO framework?

Answer 9

Patient or problem being addressed (P)
❖Intervention or exposure being considered (I)
❖Comparison intervention or exposure (when relevant) or area of interest (C)
❖Outcomes of interest (O)

Question 10

Lead time bias?

Answer 10

This bias occurs when the early detection of a disease through diagnostic technology (such as screening) makes it appear that patients are living longer with the disease, even though the actual time of survival has not changed.

Question 11

Kaplan: Define pseudodisease

Answer 11

subclinical disease that would not become overt before the patient dies of other causes

Question 12

what is a retrovirus

Answer 12

retrovirus is a virus with an RNA genome, sometimes used in gene therapy, not always safe

Question 13

2 types of cdss (clinical descision support system)

Answer 13

The two types of CDSS are knowledge-based systems, which use pre-defined rules and medical guidelines, and non-knowledge-based systems, which rely on machine learning to analyze data and make predictions.

Question 14

different gene therapies?

Answer 14

viral vectors- viruses injected to deliver genetic material
homologous recombination- DNA instered into specific location
selective reverse mutation- inducing specific mutations in a gene and then selecting for cells that have reverted to the wild-type (normal) state.
regulation- methods that control gene activity in the cells

Question 15

What aspects of research evidence are evaluated? in HTA

Answer 15

Clinical efficacy and safety data from clinical trials.
Comparative effectiveness against existing treatments.
Economic evaluations, including cost-effectiveness analysis.
Patient-reported outcomes and quality of life measures.
Ethical, legal, and social implications.

Question 16

Stanimirovic: failures/fallacies related to e-health
according to

Answer 16

Interoperability
Universal Access and Healthcare Disparities
Digital Literacy and User Training
Data Privacy and Security

Question 17

Rogers: How can technology adopters be classified?

Answer 17

Innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards

Question 18

Overdiagnosis bias

Answer 18

same as pseudodisease

Question 19

Webster chapter two: The Holy Trinity of Evidence-Based Medicine”

Answer 19

Clinical Expertise
Best Research Evidence
Patient Values and Preferences

Question 20

some barriers of health infrstructure?

Answer 20

lack of tech, standards, cultural barriers, human factor issues, etc

Question 21

health informatics

Answer 21

the scientific field that deals with the storage, retrieval, and optimal use of health information, data, and knowledge for problem solving and decision making

Question 22

Kohn et Al: challenges of gene therapies

Answer 22

Delivery of Gene Therapies
Durability of the Therapeutic Effect
Immune Responses
Insertional Mutagenesis
Cost and Accessibility

Question 23

What is HTA

Answer 23

multidisciplinary process that uses explicit methods to determine the value of a health technology at different points in its lifecycle

Question 24

what are adenoids

Answer 24

Viruses that carry their genetic material in the form of double-stranded DNA, show promise in treating cancer

Question 25

Regulatory bodies vs CDA?

Answer 25

reg- is it safe
cda- is it effective

Question 26

Describe Rogers’ theories of technology diffusion

Answer 26

Relative advantage.
Compatibility
Complexity
Trialability
Observability

Question 27

Stanimirovic: What is technological solutionism

Answer 27

belief that technology alone can solve complex problems, ignoring the need for policy, behavior, and system changes

Question 28

Kohn et Al: First Group of Disorders Treated Successfully with Gene Therapy

Answer 28

The first group of disorders successfully treated with gene therapy includes monogenic diseases, where a single gene mutation causes the disease

Question 29

The Four Generative Mechanisms of NPT

Answer 29

Coherence, Cognitive Participation, Collective Action, Reflexive Monitoring

Question 30

most common type of vector

Answer 30

viruses

Question 31

What did the HTA on proton beam therapy find

Answer 31

Mixed evidence, High costs

Question 32

toti, pluri, uni, multipotency?

Answer 32

toti- zygote, any cells can be made
pluri- any cells no gametes,
uni- one kind (somatic)
multi- adult stem cells, some variation

Question 33

What is compared when looking at new HT’s?

Answer 33

Cost vs benefit

Question 34

Kohn et Al: Performance Criteria for Genetic Modifications to Enhance T-Cell Potency

Answer 34

Specificity
Persistence
Proliferation
Safety

Question 35

Kohn et Al: History of XSCID Treatment with Gene Therapy

Answer 35

XSCID was one of the first diseases treated by gene therapy, with trials dating back to the 1990s. Early trials involved inserting the correct gene (IL2RG) into hematopoietic stem cells using retroviral vectors. However, the approach led to severe side effects in some patients, including the development of leukemia
In later approaches, safer vectors like lentiviruses have been used to reduce the risk of insertional mutagenesis

Question 36

2 types of pseudodiseases

Answer 36

type 1-disease does not progress
type 2. the other in which the disease does progress – but so slowly that it never becomes clinically evident to the patient

Question 37

monogenic disorder

Answer 37

caused by a single allele of a gene AND are inherited in families, easiest to treat

Question 38

Miller: torque of nosologic change

Answer 38

genetic information displaces a more traditional diagnosis, based primarily on clinical signs and symptoms, and asserts a genetic logic of disease definition. Individual patients and their families can get caught in the ‘‘torque’’ of such nosologic change, creating uncertainties about what disease they ‘‘have’’

Question 39

Kohn et Al: Allogenic vs. Autologous Approaches to Gene Therapy

Answer 39

Allogenic Gene Therapy: This approach involves using donor cells or tissues for the therapy.
Autologous Gene Therapy: In this approach, the patient’s own cells are used. These cells are harvested, genetically modified (correcting the disease-causing mutation), and then reintroduced into the patient.

Question 40

DIfferent scanning tech?

Answer 40

x ray, CAT (multiple xrays), MRI (slices), mammogram, PET (uses radiation)

Question 41

Electronic Health Record vs Electronic Medical Record

Answer 41

EMR- A digital version of a patient’s medical history and treatment from a specific provider or practice.
EHR- A comprehensive digital record that contains a patient’s health information across different healthcare settings.

Question 42

basic process of gene therapy

Answer 42

correct copy” gene is provided or inserted, carrier called a vector must be used to deliver