Midterm Flashcards
1
Q
The Scientific Method
A
- Make an observation
- Ask a question - why?
- Form a hypothesis that answers that question
- Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
- Do an experiment to test the prediction
- Analyze results
- Report results
2
Q
Properties of Life
A
- Sensitivity or response to stimuli
- Reproduction
- Adaptation
- Regulation
- Homeostasis
- Energy Processing
3
Q
Organization of Life (Smallest to Biggest)
A
Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organisms
4
Q
Atom
A
The smallest chunk of a matter can have. A basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. (Cannot be broken down) (Non-Living)
5
Q
Molecule
A
A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.
(Ex: Water H20)
6
Q
Macromolecules
A
Large molecules formed by combining small units called monomers. (Cannot go through cell membrane)
7
Q
Organelles
A
“Little Organs” are specialized small structures that exist within cells and perform functions. (Smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in LIVING cells)
8
Q
Cells
A
Basic unit of life
9
Q
Tissues
A
Groups of similar cells carrying out the same function
10
Q
Organs
A
Collection of tissues grouped together based on a common function
11
Q
Organ System
A
A higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs
12
Q
Organisms
A
Individual living entities
(Ex: Each tree in a forest is an organism)
13
Q
Population
A
All individuals of a species living within a specific area
14
Q
Community
A
Set of population inhabiting a particular area (Alive - Ecosystem would be an example of non-living)
15
Q
Biosphere
A
Collection of all ecosystems
16
Q
Classifications
A
Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain
17
Q
Phylogenetic Tree
A
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle
18
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of structure
19
Q
Biology
A
Study of living organisms and their interaction with one another
20
Q
What makes up the bulk of all living matter?
A
CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen
21
Q
What are atoms made of?
A
Protons and Neutrons
(Located in the central nucleus)
22
Q
Electron Charge?
A
Negative
23
Q
Proton Charge?
A
Positive
(Atoms are defined by their number of protons)
24
Q
Neutron Charge?
A
Do not have a charge
25
Valence Cells
Tend to interact with other atoms and gain, lose, or share electrons
26
Ionic Bonds
Are attractions between ions of opposite charges (When atoms gain or lose electrons)
27
Covalent Bonds
Join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
(Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons, forming molecules)
28
What does unequal electron sharing create?
Creates polar molecules
(Molecules are nonpolar)
29
Hydrogen Bonds
Weak bonds important in the chemistry of life - Attracted to oppositely charged regions on nearby water molecules.
30
What do Hydrogen Bonds do?
Make liquid cohesive
(Ex: Water molecules can move from a plants roots to its leaves)
31
When is water cohesive?
When it is attracted to other water molecules
32
When is water adhesive?
When it is attracted to other molecules (not water) - Leads to capillary action
33
Water's ability to store heat
Moderates body temperature and climate -
Takes energy with it when it evaporates -
Leading to evaporative cooling (Ex: Sweating)
34
What is water?
The solvent of life
35
Nonpolar
Does NOT like water
36
Four Major Macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids
37
Polymers
Cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains (Building blocks are the monomers)
38
Carbohydrates
Simple sugars/Monosaccharides (Humans burn as fuel)
39
Carbohydrates Properties
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
CH20
Gluclose: C6H12O6
40
Carbohydrate Structure
Ring
41
Lipids
Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids that help cells store energy for ling term use. (Hydrophobic/Nonpolar)
42
Proteins
Serve in transport, storage of membranes. Polymers of amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence, all different shapes/sizes and found in different places. Every cell in a living system has them
43
Nucleic Acids
Continuity of life, carrying blueprint of a cell (DNA/RNA)
44
Denaturation
The loss of a shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals
45
Prokaryotic
Simple cell/Single celled organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle (Bacteria and Archae) (Has DNA found in the nucleoid)
46
Eukaryotic
Animal, plant, fungi, protist (Membrane bound nucleus)
47
Major Differences BTW Plant and Animal Cells
Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Cell Walls (Plants)
48
Animal Cells (Circular)
Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, centrosomes, intermediate filaments, microfilaments, plasma membrane, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and vacuole
49
Plant Cells (Square)
Plasmodesmata, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, central vacuole, cytoskeleton, chloroplast, plastid, peroxisomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum
50
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane enclosing the nucleus
(Animal)
51
Chromatin
DNA and Proteins
(Animal)
52
Nucleolus
Ribosomes are formed
(Animal)
53
Peroxisomes
Metabolize Waste
(Plant and Animal)
54
ER Rough
Ribosomes, makes secretory and membrane proteins
(Plant and Animal)
55
ER Smooth
Makes lipids
(Plant and Animal)
56
Microtubules
Maintain cell shape
(Animal)
57
Centrosomes
Organizing systems
(Animal)
58
Intermediate Filaments
Fibrous proteins, forms the cellular cortex
(Animal)
59
Microfilaments
Holds organelles in place
(Animal)
60
Lysosomes
Digests food and wastes materials
(Animal)
61
Golgi Apparatus
Modifies proteins
(Plant and Animal)
62
Mitochondira
Produces energy
(Plant)
63
Plasmodesmata
Channels connecting two cells
(Plant)
64
Cell Wall
Maintains cell shape
(Plant)
65
Central Vacuole
Maintains pressure against cell wall
(Plant)
66
Chloroplast
Site of photosynthesis
(Plant)
67
Plastid
Stores pigments
(Plant)
68
Endomembrane system
A group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins
69
Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vesicle/vacuoles, centrosomes, cell wall, chloroplast, ER, golgi appartus, cytoskeleton, flagella
70
Peroxisomes
Breaks down fatty acids (Plant and animals)
71
Ribosomes
Protein Synthesis (Animal and plant)
72
Nucleus
Cell organelle that houses DNA, ribosomes, and proteins (Animal and plant)
73
Cytoplasm
Provides structure to cells (Pro, animal, and plant)
74
Plasma Membrane
Controls passage of molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and waste (Animal, pro, and plant)
75
Cytoskeleton
Animal, plant, and pro
76
Passive Transport
Naturally occurring does not require the cell to exert any of its energy. Moves from higher to lower concentration (Gradient)
77
Diffusion
Type of PT that is a single substance that tends to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until it is equal
78
Facilitated
Type of PT where materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins (Concentration gradient)
79
Transport proteins
Type of PT which integrals proteins involved in facilitated transport
80
Osmosis
Type of PT where the only material capable of moving through a membrane will diffuse through it. (If a water is too large to fit, water will move instead down a concentration gradient)
81
Hypotonic
Extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes
82
Hypertonic
Extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity than the cell's cytoplasm
83
Isotonic
Extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity of the cell
84
Active Transport
Mechanisms require the use of the cells energy, usually in the form of ATP. Three types of pumps (transport mechanisms): Uniporter, Symporter, and Artiporter
85
Primary Transport
Type of AT that moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge
86
Secondary Transport
Type of AT that moves materials due to electrochemical gradient established by primary transport
87
Diffusion (Chart)
Passive: Transports mall weighted material
88
Osmosis (Chart)
Passive: Transports water
89
Facilitated T/D (Chart)
Passive: Transport sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose
90
Primary AT (Chart)
Active: Sodium, potassium, and calcium
91
Secondary (Chart)
Active: Amino acids, lactose
92
Phagocytosis (Chart)
Active: Large macromolecules, whole cells, and cell structures
93
Pinocytosis (Chart)
Active: Small molecules (liquid/water)
94
Endocytosis (Chart)
Active: Large quantities of macromolecules
95
Exocytosis
Active: Wastes materials, proteins for the extraceullar matrix and neurotransmitters
96
Solute
Substance dissolved in another to form a solution
97
Concentration Gradient
A distance across which there is a difference in concentration of a single substance; an area of high to low
98
Solvent
A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances
99
Solution
A homogenous mixture of two or more specific substances
100
Thermodynamics
The study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter (relationship between heat, energy, and work)
101
First Law
The principle of conservation of energy - can be transferred/transformed, but cannot be destroyed
102
Second Law
When energy is changed, some of the energy is converted to heat, every energy transfer increases entropy and decreases the amount of free energy in the universe
103
Endergonic
A chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than reactants
104
Exergonic
A chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy
105
ATP
Stores free energy for later usage so the cell does not increase in heat and destroy itself
106
Substrate
Molecule on which enzyme acts
107
Active site
A specific amount of initial energy
108
Activation Energy
The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
109
Induced Fit
The change in shape if an enzyme's active site upon binding its substrate which produces a more snug fit
110
Competitive Inhibition
Enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzymes substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent is able to substrate itself front binding, thus the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme
111
Feedback Inhibition
The product if a reaction or final product inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series
112
Noncompetitive Inhibition
Enzyme regulation in which inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme without binding the enzymes active site
113
Allosteric Inhibition
A regulatory molecule binds to a second site and initiates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate
114
Allosteric Activation
Binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site
115
Activation Energy
The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
116
Chemical Potential Energy
The type of energy that refers to the potential to do the work
117
Chemical Energy
Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
