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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

The Scientific Method

A
  1. Make an observation
  2. Ask a question - why?
  3. Form a hypothesis that answers that question
  4. Make a prediction based on the hypothesis
  5. Do an experiment to test the prediction
  6. Analyze results
  7. Report results
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2
Q

Properties of Life

A
  1. Sensitivity or response to stimuli
  2. Reproduction
  3. Adaptation
  4. Regulation
  5. Homeostasis
  6. Energy Processing
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3
Q

Organization of Life (Smallest to Biggest)

A

Atoms, Molecules, Macromolecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ System, Organisms

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest chunk of a matter can have. A basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. (Cannot be broken down) (Non-Living)

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5
Q

Molecule

A

A chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by a chemical bond.
(Ex: Water H20)

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6
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules formed by combining small units called monomers. (Cannot go through cell membrane)

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7
Q

Organelles

A

“Little Organs” are specialized small structures that exist within cells and perform functions. (Smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in LIVING cells)

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8
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life

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9
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells carrying out the same function

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10
Q

Organs

A

Collection of tissues grouped together based on a common function

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11
Q

Organ System

A

A higher level of organization that consists of functionally related organs

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12
Q

Organisms

A

Individual living entities
(Ex: Each tree in a forest is an organism)

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13
Q

Population

A

All individuals of a species living within a specific area

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14
Q

Community

A

Set of population inhabiting a particular area (Alive - Ecosystem would be an example of non-living)

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15
Q

Biosphere

A

Collection of all ecosystems

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16
Q

Classifications

A

Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain

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17
Q

Phylogenetic Tree

A

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

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18
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of structure

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19
Q

Biology

A

Study of living organisms and their interaction with one another

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20
Q

What makes up the bulk of all living matter?

A

CHON: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen

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21
Q

What are atoms made of?

A

Protons and Neutrons
(Located in the central nucleus)

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22
Q

Electron Charge?

A

Negative

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23
Q

Proton Charge?

A

Positive
(Atoms are defined by their number of protons)

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24
Q

Neutron Charge?

A

Do not have a charge

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25
Q

Valence Cells

A

Tend to interact with other atoms and gain, lose, or share electrons

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26
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Are attractions between ions of opposite charges (When atoms gain or lose electrons)

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27
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

Join atoms into molecules through electron sharing
(Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer shell electrons, forming molecules)

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28
Q

What does unequal electron sharing create?

A

Creates polar molecules
(Molecules are nonpolar)

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29
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak bonds important in the chemistry of life - Attracted to oppositely charged regions on nearby water molecules.

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30
Q

What do Hydrogen Bonds do?

A

Make liquid cohesive
(Ex: Water molecules can move from a plants roots to its leaves)

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31
Q

When is water cohesive?

A

When it is attracted to other water molecules

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32
Q

When is water adhesive?

A

When it is attracted to other molecules (not water) - Leads to capillary action

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33
Q

Water’s ability to store heat

A

Moderates body temperature and climate -
Takes energy with it when it evaporates -
Leading to evaporative cooling (Ex: Sweating)

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34
Q

What is water?

A

The solvent of life

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35
Q

Nonpolar

A

Does NOT like water

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36
Q

Four Major Macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, and Lipids

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37
Q

Polymers

A

Cells make most of their macromolecules by joining smaller molecules into chains (Building blocks are the monomers)

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38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Simple sugars/Monosaccharides (Humans burn as fuel)

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39
Q

Carbohydrates Properties

A

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
CH20
Gluclose: C6H12O6

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40
Q

Carbohydrate Structure

A

Ring

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41
Q

Lipids

A

Includes fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids that help cells store energy for ling term use. (Hydrophobic/Nonpolar)

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42
Q

Proteins

A

Serve in transport, storage of membranes. Polymers of amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence, all different shapes/sizes and found in different places. Every cell in a living system has them

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43
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

Continuity of life, carrying blueprint of a cell (DNA/RNA)

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44
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals

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45
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Simple cell/Single celled organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle (Bacteria and Archae) (Has DNA found in the nucleoid)

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46
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Animal, plant, fungi, protist (Membrane bound nucleus)

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47
Q

Major Differences BTW Plant and Animal Cells

A

Chloroplast, Central Vacuole, Cell Walls (Plants)

48
Q

Animal Cells (Circular)

A

Nuclear envelope, chromatin, nucleolus, peroxisomes, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules, centrosomes, intermediate filaments, microfilaments, plasma membrane, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, and vacuole

49
Q

Plant Cells (Square)

A

Plasmodesmata, cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, central vacuole, cytoskeleton, chloroplast, plastid, peroxisomes, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

50
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Membrane enclosing the nucleus
(Animal)

51
Q

Chromatin

A

DNA and Proteins
(Animal)

52
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosomes are formed
(Animal)

53
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Metabolize Waste
(Plant and Animal)

54
Q

ER Rough

A

Ribosomes, makes secretory and membrane proteins
(Plant and Animal)

55
Q

ER Smooth

A

Makes lipids
(Plant and Animal)

56
Q

Microtubules

A

Maintain cell shape
(Animal)

57
Q

Centrosomes

A

Organizing systems
(Animal)

58
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Fibrous proteins, forms the cellular cortex
(Animal)

59
Q

Microfilaments

A

Holds organelles in place
(Animal)

60
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digests food and wastes materials
(Animal)

61
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies proteins
(Plant and Animal)

62
Q

Mitochondira

A

Produces energy
(Plant)

63
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Channels connecting two cells
(Plant)

64
Q

Cell Wall

A

Maintains cell shape
(Plant)

65
Q

Central Vacuole

A

Maintains pressure against cell wall
(Plant)

66
Q

Chloroplast

A

Site of photosynthesis
(Plant)

67
Q

Plastid

A

Stores pigments
(Plant)

68
Q

Endomembrane system

A

A group of membranes and organelles that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

69
Q

Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

A

Plasma Membrane, cytoplasm, nucleoid, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, vesicle/vacuoles, centrosomes, cell wall, chloroplast, ER, golgi appartus, cytoskeleton, flagella

70
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Breaks down fatty acids (Plant and animals)

71
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein Synthesis (Animal and plant)

72
Q

Nucleus

A

Cell organelle that houses DNA, ribosomes, and proteins (Animal and plant)

73
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Provides structure to cells (Pro, animal, and plant)

74
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Controls passage of molecules, ions, water, oxygen, and waste (Animal, pro, and plant)

75
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Animal, plant, and pro

76
Q

Passive Transport

A

Naturally occurring does not require the cell to exert any of its energy. Moves from higher to lower concentration (Gradient)

77
Q

Diffusion

A

Type of PT that is a single substance that tends to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until it is equal

78
Q

Facilitated

A

Type of PT where materials diffuse across the plasma membrane with the help of membrane proteins (Concentration gradient)

79
Q

Transport proteins

A

Type of PT which integrals proteins involved in facilitated transport

80
Q

Osmosis

A

Type of PT where the only material capable of moving through a membrane will diffuse through it. (If a water is too large to fit, water will move instead down a concentration gradient)

81
Q

Hypotonic

A

Extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes

82
Q

Hypertonic

A

Extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm

83
Q

Isotonic

A

Extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity of the cell

84
Q

Active Transport

A

Mechanisms require the use of the cells energy, usually in the form of ATP. Three types of pumps (transport mechanisms): Uniporter, Symporter, and Artiporter

85
Q

Primary Transport

A

Type of AT that moves ions across a membrane and creates a difference in charge

86
Q

Secondary Transport

A

Type of AT that moves materials due to electrochemical gradient established by primary transport

87
Q

Diffusion (Chart)

A

Passive: Transports mall weighted material

88
Q

Osmosis (Chart)

A

Passive: Transports water

89
Q

Facilitated T/D (Chart)

A

Passive: Transport sodium, potassium, calcium, glucose

90
Q

Primary AT (Chart)

A

Active: Sodium, potassium, and calcium

91
Q

Secondary (Chart)

A

Active: Amino acids, lactose

92
Q

Phagocytosis (Chart)

A

Active: Large macromolecules, whole cells, and cell structures

93
Q

Pinocytosis (Chart)

A

Active: Small molecules (liquid/water)

94
Q

Endocytosis (Chart)

A

Active: Large quantities of macromolecules

95
Q

Exocytosis

A

Active: Wastes materials, proteins for the extraceullar matrix and neurotransmitters

96
Q

Solute

A

Substance dissolved in another to form a solution

97
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

A distance across which there is a difference in concentration of a single substance; an area of high to low

98
Q

Solvent

A

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

99
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture of two or more specific substances

100
Q

Thermodynamics

A

The study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter (relationship between heat, energy, and work)

101
Q

First Law

A

The principle of conservation of energy - can be transferred/transformed, but cannot be destroyed

102
Q

Second Law

A

When energy is changed, some of the energy is converted to heat, every energy transfer increases entropy and decreases the amount of free energy in the universe

103
Q

Endergonic

A

A chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than reactants

104
Q

Exergonic

A

A chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy

105
Q

ATP

A

Stores free energy for later usage so the cell does not increase in heat and destroy itself

106
Q

Substrate

A

Molecule on which enzyme acts

107
Q

Active site

A

A specific amount of initial energy

108
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

109
Q

Induced Fit

A

The change in shape if an enzyme’s active site upon binding its substrate which produces a more snug fit

110
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzymes substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent is able to substrate itself front binding, thus the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme

111
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

The product if a reaction or final product inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series

112
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

Enzyme regulation in which inhibitor reduces the activity of the enzyme without binding the enzymes active site

113
Q

Allosteric Inhibition

A

A regulatory molecule binds to a second site and initiates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate

114
Q

Allosteric Activation

A

Binding of a molecule to a site other than the active site

115
Q

Activation Energy

A

The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

116
Q

Chemical Potential Energy

A

The type of energy that refers to the potential to do the work

117
Q

Chemical Energy

A

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds

Bio 101 Midterm (1 decks)

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