Midterm

Question 1

Camera obscura

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 1

-forerunner of photographic camera. Originally a darkened room in which observers could view images of outside subjects projected upside down through a pinpoint light source onto a facing wall

-who invented
developed over centuries
-when

-advantage: simple concept, aid for artists, understanding perspective
-disadvantage: imited image capture, inverted images, light dependent, size and portabillity, lack of detail

Question 2

Heliography

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 2

-greek words meaning “sun” and “writing”

-who invented
Joseph Nicephore Niepce
-when
early 19th century
-advantage: 1st successful permanent photo, light-based, inspired further innovation

-disadvantage: long exposure time-several hours, very low sensitivity to light, lack of detail and contrast, difficult reproduction

Question 3

Daguerreotype

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 3

-1st practical photographic process, image formed on copper plate

-who invented
Louis Daguerre
-when
1839
-advantage: very detailed, short exposure times, no negative, permanent images, widespread adaptation

-disadvantage: used mercury, no negative, no replication, long exposure time, fragile

Question 4

Calotype

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 4

1st successful negative/positive process

-who invented: William Henry Fos Talbot
-when: 1841

-advantage: image could be duplicated, shorter exposure times, artistic flexibillity, lighter and more portable, safter process, lower cost

-disadvantage: less detail

Question 5

Cyanotype

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 5

-low cost permanent print, put object directly on paper, image usually white/blue

-who invented
Sir John Herschel
-when
1842
-advantage: simple and inexpensive, non -toxic process, long lasting prints
-disadvantage: thought to be too unrealistic due to brilliant blue color, fading under light, lower detail

Question 6

Collodion glass negative

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 6

Usually referred to as wet plate

-who invented
Frederick Scott Archer
-when
1851
-advantage: high image quality, reproduce prints, shorter exposure time than Calotype
-disadvantage: wet plates had to be developed right away, fragile, toxic chemicals, labor intensive

Question 7

Albumen Print

-who invented

-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 7

-used eggwhites

-who invented
Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard
-when
1850
-advantage: finely detailed negatives, glossy, affordable
-disadvantage: fading and yellowing, labor intensive

Question 8

Sterography and stereoscopes

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 8

-pair of side-by-side photographic views taken w/ dual -lens camera in slightly different angles. Mounted on cardboard, viewed seperatlyt to create a 3D illustion
-viewed w/ stereoschopes
-

-who invented
Sir Charles Wheatstone
-Wheatstone’s original stereoscope used drawings, but the process became more popular after photography was introduced.
-Later, David Brewster, a Scottish scientist, improved upon Wheatstone’s design by inventing the lenticular stereoscope in the 1840s, which made the device more portable and practical for use with photographic prints.
-when
1838
-advantage: 3d perception, enhanced visualization
-disadvantage: need for special equipment, viewing conditions, narrow perspective

Question 9

Carte-de-visite

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 9

-3H by 2H inch mounted pic-popular in late 19th century
-usually a portrait
-generally made as one of a number of images on a single photographic plate

-who invented
French photographer André Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri
-when
1854
-advantage: several portraits taken on 1 plate
-disadvantage: fragile, limited quality, fading

Question 10

Gelatin silver print

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 10

-Paper coated w/ gelatin and silver salts

-who invented
Richard Leach Maddox,
-when” cemmercially viable in 1880s
-advantage: flexbility allowing negatives and prints to be made w/o need for immediate processing
-disadvantage: toxic processing, long processing times, needed darkroom, cost

Question 11

Chevalier lens

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 11

-who invented:Hippolyte Chevalier

-when
-advantage: made of 2 lenses which helped w/ color correcting (chromatic aberration), produced sharp images, various focal lengths so photographers could do wide-angle to portraits
-disadvantage: expensive, weight and size, not versatile

Question 12

Petzval Portrait Lens

-who invented
-when
-advantage
-disadvantage

Answer 12

-who invented: Joseph Petzval
-when: 1840
-advantage: fast aperture, wanted this for portrait photography
-disadvantage

Question 13

Edmund Burke and the Sublime

-concept and impact on phtotography

Answer 13

-“A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful,” published in 1757.
-Burke defines the sublime as an aesthetic experience characterized by feelings of awe, terror, and grandeur. Unlike beauty, which evokes pleasure and harmony, the sublime is associated with feelings of vastness, power, and sometimes fear.
-The concepts of the sublime greatly influenced the Romantic movement, which emphasized emotion, nature, and the individual’s experience.

Question 14

Exoticism/Orientalism

-concept and impact on phtotography

Question 15

Rationalism

-concept and impact on phtotography

Answer 15

Rationalism is a philosophical viewpoint that emphasizes reason and logic as the primary sources of knowledge, as opposed to experience, emotions, or religious beliefs.
-The application of reason, logic, and scientific principles in the visual medium shaped how photography developed both technically and conceptually.
-tech innovations: scientific approach to optics and chem
-Joseph Nicéphore Niépce and Louis Daguerre, applied rationalist principles to invent cameras and photographic methods by experimenting with scientific theories.

Question 16

Empiricism

-concept and impact on phtotography

Answer 16

-Empiricism is a philosophical theory that emphasizes the role of experience and sensory perception in the formation of knowledge.
-empiricism asserts that all knowledge comes from direct experience, observation, and evidence gathered through the senses
-Its ability to reproduce images based on sensory observation aligns with the core tenets of empiricist philosophy.

Question 17

The Male Gaze

-concept and impact on phtotography

Answer 17

-how women are depicted in the arts
-objectification of women in pics

Question 18

Naturalism

-concept and impact on phtotography

Answer 18

-emphasizes the accurate and detailed depiction of the natural world,
-embraced naturalist approach to create pics that were truthful
-objective medium

Question 19

Thomas Wedgwood

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 19

credited as the first person to attempt capturing images permanently using light-sensitive materials.
-laid the groundwork for Niepce adn Daguerre

Question 20

Joseph Nicéphore Niépce

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 20

-invented earlies form of photography
-early 19th century
-1826, 1827 first successful permanent photo
-laid the ground work for the development of photograph
-Photography was invented when Niépce found a way to preserve the image inside of a camera obscura using light-sensitive chemistry.
-created heliograph

“View Ouside Window at Le Gras” France 1827

Question 21

Louis Daguerre

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 21

-French photographer
-invented the daguerreotype
-1st commercially success method of photography
-invented diorama
-worked w/ Niepce
-free to public

-Louis Daguerre, Boulevard du Temple, Paris, c. 1838.

Question 22

William Henry Fox Talbot

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 22

-developed calotype process
-1st method to produce negative image on paper, then used for positive prints
-enable mass reproduction of images
-basis of modern photography
-he had so many patents on his work

-“the Open Door”

Question 23

Hippolyte Bayard

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 23

Hippolyte Bayard, Self-Portrait as a Drowned Man, 1840.
-first staged photo
-French photographer
-pioneer in photogrpahy
-invented his own process that produced direct positive paper prints in the camera
-invented his own process that produced direct positive paper prints in the camera
-He claimed to have invented photography earlier than Louis-Jacques Mandé Daguerre in France and William Henry Fox Talbot in England, the men traditionally credited with its invention.[1]

Question 24

Robert Cornelius

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 24

-took first surviving self portrait, 1839
-had daguerreotype studio
- His work contributed to the early adoption of the daguerreotype in the United States

Question 25

Sir John Herschel

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 25

-worked w/ science of photography
-“Herschel Process” -an early form of cyanotype, which produced blue prints

Question 26

Charles Wheatstone

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Question 27

John Plumbe

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 27

-one of the earliest American practitioners of the daguerreotype,
-ad a studio
-traveling photographer
-portraits

Question 28

Mathew Brady

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 28

-took pics in civil war
-people were angry that he wouldn’t give individual photographers credit
-had studio’s and took portraits
-pioneer in the use of large-format cameras and glass plate negatives,
-wet plate collodion processes during the Civil War

Question 29

André Disdéri

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 29

André Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri was a French photographer who started his photographic career as a daguerreotypist but gained greater fame for patenting his version of the carte de visite, a small photographic image which was mounted on a card.

Question 30

Alexander Gardner

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 30

-invented Carte de Visite
-fashionalble studio for portraits in Paris
-revolutionized portrait photography and made it accessible to the masses.

Question 31

Timothy O’Sullivan

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 31

-American Photographer
-worked w/ Mathew Brady
-Photographer for Union Army during civil war
-skill using collodion wet plate
-after war, prominent photographer for gov’t expeditions

Question 32

Anna Atkins

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 32

-best known for her use of the cyanotype process, which she adopted to create images of plants.
-In 1843, Anna Atkins published “Photographs of British Algae: Cyanotype Impressions,
-one of the earliest female photographers

Question 33

Frederick Scott Archer

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 33

-introduced the collodion wet plate process
-invention led to the widespread adoption of the collodion process in the 1850s and 1860s, becoming the dominant photographic method of the time.
-technical innovations and contributions to the art of photography significantly advanced the medium, allowing for greater clarity and accessibility.

Question 34

David Brewster

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 34

• invention of the kaleidoscope.
• work on polarization of light
  -spread knowledge about daguerreotype
  -invented stereoscope

Question 35

Oliver Wendell Holmes

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 35

-American
-notable for his connection to early photography, particularly stereoscopy.
Invention of the Stereoscope Viewer:
-advocacy for Photography as a Medium

Question 36

Frank Rinehart

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 36

-American photographer
-portrait work doc Native American leaders, culture and events
-Navtive American communities

Question 37

Frederick Douglas

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 37

-African American abolitionist
-used photography as a tool for social change -pics could counteract racist caricatures
-believe pics coudl influence public perception

because he saw the medium as an essential tool for challenging racism, promoting equality, and fostering progress.

Question 38

Edward S. Curtis

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 38

-American Photography
-doc Native American Cultures

monumental effort to document and preserve Native American cultures through his images and ethnographic writings

Question 39

Lai Afong

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 39

-1st major Chinese photographer
-portrait and studio
-landscape pics ofChina: architectures, lanscape, urban scenes

Question 40

Roger Fenton

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 40

The Valley of the Shadow of Death, 1855.
-Crimean War
-hired to document the war and sell the pictures
-British gov’t destroyed most of the negatives
-cannon bass staged on road
-image published
-London times declared his pictures from the field had to be real
-tried to tall the story by placing the cannonballs
-indirectly shows the horror of war

Question 41

Carleton Watkins

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 41

-American Photographer
-pics of american west -particulary Yosemite Valley
-landscape pics

Question 42

Eadweard Muybridge

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 42

English Photographer
-horse in motion -do all 4 of a hourses hooves leave the ground at once when running?
-infulenced devep of early cinema

Question 43

Nadar

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 43

-took pics from hot air balloon
-1st to succeed at ariel pics
-designed his own hot air balloon
-1st to take pics underground
-used his own invention -magnesium light

Nadar, The Arc de Triomphe and the Grand Boulevard, Paris, from a Balloon, 1868.

Nadar, Workmen in the Paris Catacombs, 1861.

Question 44

Thomas Eakins

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 44

-American
-made significant contributions to photography, especially in relation to his studies of motion. Eakins was one of the first American artists to integrate photography into his artistic process, using it as a tool for understanding anatomy, movement, and perspective.

Question 45

William Notman

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 45

• pioneer Canadian Photographer
  -innovative techniques in portraiture and landscape photography.

Question 46

Peter Henry Emerson

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 46

-British Photographer
-pioneer of pictorialism
-advocated for photography as an art form
-emphasis on naturalism and artistic expression

Question 47

Jacob Riis

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 47

“how the other half lives”
-combined text and pics to show harsh realities of poverty

Question 48

Lewis Hine

-who?
-works studied in class
-signigicance of contribution to photography

Answer 48

groundbreaking work in documentary photography and social reform. Hine is particularly recognized for his powerful images depicting child labor, immigration, and the lives of working-class Americans in the early 20th century. His photography aimed to raise awareness of social injustices and to advocate for legislative reforms.