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arab israeli conflict > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

the 1948 war

A
  • after 1947 UN plan which separated palestine into israel
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2
Q

early history

A
  • conf linked to biblical rivalry b/w isaac and ishmael
  • hebrew tribes ruled over west bank from 1250 bc to 135 ce
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3
Q

genesis of palestine

A
  • 2nd century
  • roman occupiers named land of israel to palestina dervied by philistia in an attempt to de-judaize it
  • area conquered by prohphet muhammad in 7th century
  • muslims majority until 20th century
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4
Q

pre-modern relations

A
  • jewish tribes in mecca and medina conquered by muhammad
  • denied rights but had certain protections
  • could worship freely but could not build synagogues bigger than mosques in same areas
  • had to pay larger taxes
  • jews granted local autonomy once ottoman empire gained control
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5
Q

kishinev pogrom

A
  • 1880s-1915
  • hundreds of anti jewish massacres across russian empire
  • mass violence against jews in april 1903 after two jews blamed for deaths of two christian children
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6
Q

theodor herzl

A
  • austrian journalist
  • covered 1894 trial of french officer wrongly convicted of spying for germany
  • was convinced jews would never live free of oppression in europe
  • wrote der judenstaat in 1896 envisioning a new jewish homeland
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7
Q

first zionist congress

A
  • in basle switzerland, august 1897
  • sought to establish home for jewish people in palestine under public law
    - promotion of jewish workers, strengthening of jewish nationality, and development of jewish community
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8
Q

labor zionism

A
  • secular branch of zionism
  • jewish identity as an ethnicity; doesn’t go hand in hand with religion in politics
  • promoted coexistence w palestinians
  • leftist/communist
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9
Q

revisionist zionism

A
  • militaristic approach
  • right-wing
  • did not value coexistence or peace
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10
Q

religious zionism

A
  • prioritized jewish settlement in biblical land as fulfillment
  • jewish identity as secular identity AND having religious significance in politics
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11
Q

arab revolt 1916-17

A
  • against ottoman empire
  • established sense of arab nationalism
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12
Q

mcmahon-husayn correspondence

A
  • 1915-16
  • sir henry mcmahon: british commissioner
  • sharif husayn of mecca wrote to mcmahon as british fought ottoman turks, expressing arab people’s urge for british support and independence
  • british wanted to take down ottoman empire so they agreed
  • mcmahon did not give full independence but assissted arabs in revolting against turks
  • pledged to husayn: support independence, guarantee holy places, give advice; arabs can only seek advice from britain
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13
Q

san remo conf 1920

A
  • league of nations awarded trusteeship of palestine to britain
  • britain given full powers of legislation and administration
  • but protected civil religious rights of palestinians
  • demonstrates after sykes picot and balfour declaration the “too much promised” land
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14
Q

sykes picot agreement

A
  • 1916
  • france and UK carving out spheres of influence of middle east after fall of ottoman empire
  • palestine under UK control
  • middle east opened up as market for european goods
  • british and french readiness to protect independent arab states
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15
Q

balfour declaration

A
  • 1917
  • zionist leader, chaim weizmann, negotiating w british gov
  • beginning of poli func of zionism
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16
Q

faisal-weizmann discussions

A
  • 1918
  • emir faisal: husayn’s son
  • rumor of faisal agreeing that palestine should be given separate status as prescribed area of zionist, but denied ever saying these things
  • he couldn’t even speak english
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17
Q

versailles peace conference

A
  • 1919
  • king crane commission: addressed palestine question, determining european power should govern pending eventual independence
  • also concluded that zionist program was extreme and recommended limiting jewish immigration
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18
Q

1920 franco-syrian war

A
  • arab militias suspected jews siding w french
  • searched jewish settlements for french spies, resulting in increased clashes breaking out
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19
Q

churchill white paper

A
  • jewish home in palestine did not encompass control over all of palestine
  • published to soothe arab fears
  • 1922
20
Q

shaw commission of inquiry

A
  • 1929
  • sought to refuse future instances of conflict
  • blames arab hostility
21
Q

passfield white paper

A
  • 1930
  • informed by shaw commission
  • policy limiting jewish immigration to palestine
  • plus imposed jewish purchase of arab property in order to avoid disenfranchisement of arabs
  • british tried to maintain relationship w zionists by issuing clarification white paper (arabs derided as black letter)
22
Q

1936-39 revolt

A
  • over 164k jews arrive b/w 33-36 fleeing nazism
  • palestinian leader sheik izz ad-din al-qassam killed by british police in 1935
  • jewish pop reaches 27% of palestine in 36
  • mufti of jerusalem, jaff amin al-husseini, calls for palestinian general strike in 1936 to impact palestinian economy and show anger to british gov
  • britain crushes uprising in 1937 as it becomes more militant
  • > 5k palestinians dead; 262 british, 300 jews
23
Q

izz ad-din al-qassam

A
  • born in syria
  • supported libyan rebellion vs italians
  • led syrian rebellion against french
  • moved to palestine after victory and organized armed bands stirking at british and jewish targets
  • killed in 1935 during the revolt
24
Q

aftermath of 1936-39 revolt

A
  • 1937 peel commission: recommended partition of land between arabs and jews, rejected by arabs but accepted by zionists
  • 1939 white paper: establishment of independent palestine within ten years and limited jewish immigration. rejected by hajj amin husseini, accepted by zionists and moderate arabs
25
Q

irgun (IZL)

A
  • militant right wing zionist group
  • perpetuated attacks against arabs and british
  • leader menachem begin became PM of israel in 1977
25
Q

stern gang

A
  • militant right wing zionist group
  • leader yitzhak shamir became PM in 1986
26
Q

UN resolution 181

A
  • 29 nov 1947
  • based on UN Special Committee on Palestine (UNSCOP) plan
  • recommends partition of palestine between arab and jewish populations
  • 56% of land to zionists even though jews only owned 6% of land and comprised 33% of palestine’s population
27
Q

end of british mandate

A
  • set to end 14 may 1948
  • 15 may arab armies launch invasion, but armies were weak because of lack of unity
  • starts a whole war; israel’s main objective was just to survive the war
  • UN imposes 4-week cease fire in june, where israel prepares
  • haganah (now IDF) controls entire area designated for jews plus 60% of palestinian areas; 700k palestinians flee; british threatens to intervene
28
Q

UN resolution 194

A
  • affirms refugees’ right of return
  • may 1951
29
Q

1948 armistice agreements

A
  • left israel and arab states in state of war
  • ex of early israeli arab negotatiations
30
Q

security dilemma

A
  • dilemma when states have incomplete info about each other’s capabilities and motives so they prepare for the worst case scenario which is war
31
Q

conflict spiral

A
  • states preparing for war for defensive purposes
  • can trigger a war when neither side wants one
32
Q

june 1967 war

A
  • example of conflict spiral
  • egypt mobilizes in sinai peninsula because ussr told them israel was concentrating brigades on syrian border, which was not true
  • israel attacked force after egypt closed straits of tiran to israeli shipping
  • nasser said many things insinuating he wanted a war or any kind of escalation either way
33
Q

gamad abd-el nasser

A
  • became president of egypt in 1954
  • promoted pan-arabist ideology
  • viewed arab monarchies with ties to the west as ideology
34
Q

1954-55 conflict

A
  • nasser conducted secret dialogue w israel
  • viewed israel as disdainful of arabs and thought peace was impossible
  • israel attacked egyptian army base in response to fedayeen raid
  • nasser doesn’t retaliate out of fear
35
Q

1955 czech egyptian arms deal

A
  • in 1950 US UK and France signed declaration refraining from big arms sales to middle east
  • nasser wanted egypt to match israeli military but eisenhower would not sell him weapons
  • so deal with czechoslovakia for over 250m worth of soviet weapons
  • became strongest military power in arab world
  • impact: set off arms race in middle east and emboldened nasser to assert power
  • also, israel started preparing for war
36
Q

1956 suez war

A
  • egypt blocking suez canal to israeli shipping in 1950
  • nasser nationalized the canal in 56
  • so france UK israel make secret plan to attack egypt
  • israel invades sinai peninsula; UK and france bomb egypt two days later
  • eisenhower furious and threatened to sink UK economy by selling off UK bonds; forced withdrawal of all three states
  • krushchev also condemned; one of the only UN resolution ussr and us has agreed on
  • marks nasser’s popularity in egypt/arab world
  • impacts: escalated arms race, increased cross border skirmishes, and strengthened israeli french relations
  • also increased USSR presence in the region
37
Q

theories on soviet false intelligence

A
  1. soviets wanted nasser to challenge israelis and deter them from attacking syria
  2. israelis spread disinformation to scare syria, which soviets believed and warned egypt
  3. soviets feared israel’s nuclear program and sought to provoke israel into war (ginor and remez)
  4. soviets were wrong about israeli mobilization but still right that they were planning to enter war (popp)

cia determined ussr did not want or foresee a war but was actively involved mid may 67 on

38
Q

UN resolution 242

A
  • 22 nov 1967
  • 5 provisions:
    1. inadmissability of acquistiion of territory by war
    2. full israeli withdrawal from territory occupied in recent war
    3. right to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries
    4. just settlement of refugee program
    5. guarantee of territorial inviolability and full independence of every state in area (not legal to occupy land seized in war)
  • vague enough to apply to everyone involved
  • has acted as the template for peaceful solutions in conflict since it was established
39
Q

palestine national council (PNC)

A
  • established in 1964 by arab league
  • political, military, and cultural representatives of palestinian people
  • called for eliminating israel and establishing independent palestine state
40
Q

palestine liberation organization (PLO)

A
  • 1964
  • exclusively political and military rep
  • hierarchical
  • armed struggled against israel
  • eventually becomes state within a state in jordan (controls territory, sets roadblocks, levies taxes, and abuses jordanians)
  • partake in severe terrorism like hijacking planes, drawing condemnation from western states and upsetting jordanians
41
Q

black september

A
  • 1970
  • king hussein of jrodan orders army to crush palestinian groups and reassert control over territory
  • jordanian forces kill 3500 palestinian combatants and civilians
  • hussein expels all palestinian groups from jordan; PLO relocates to lebanon and continues to attack israel from there
42
Q

munich massacre

A
  • 5 sep 1972
  • PLO takes israeli athletes hostage at munich olympics killing 11
  • israel in turn kills the olympics planners and perpetrators
  • israel strategy shifts towards attacking palestinian militants; lets guard down and gets attacked by syria
43
Q

abu daoud

A
  • one of the planners of the munich massacre
  • believed it gave awareness to palestine
  • all publicity is good publicity
44
Q

yasser arafat

A
  • 1929-2004
  • PLO chairman; joined 1967
  • co founded fatah in 1959
  • addressed UN general assembly in 74
  • declared sole rep of palestinian people by PLO at arab league summit in rabat

arab israeli conflict (2 decks)

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