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Biomechanics > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

EMG can be used for diagnosis of

A
  • Tingling
    • Numbness
    • Weakness
    • Cramping
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2
Q

EMG can be used to determine

A
  • Nerve dysfunction
    • Muscle dysfunction
    • Neuromuscular junction issues
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3
Q

Surface Electromyography

A

-electrodes stuck on skin
- Electrode placement over muscle belly, easy to apply and comes in various sizes
- Disadvantages: subcutaneous fat, skin oil, hair

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4
Q

Indwelling Electromyography

A

-electrode on end of needle
- Can get recordings of specific or deeper muscles
- Disadvantages: painful, invasive, not a representation of a whole muscle

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5
Q

Fascicle organization

A

Two types – pennate and parallel

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6
Q

Parallel

A

allows for greater changes in length
- Have fibers running longitudinal axis with interconnections
- Enable greater shortening of the entire muscle than pennate = larger ROM

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7
Q

Pennate

A
  • good to produce more force
  • Rotate about tendon attachment when contracting, causes angle to increase
  • Higher fiber per unit of muscle volume
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8
Q

what can affect the signal?
Intrinsic

A
  • Number of active MU
    • Fiber composition
    • Blood flow
    • Fiber diameter
    • Distance between fibers and electrodes
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9
Q

what can affect the signal?
Extrinsic

A
  • Distance between electrodes
    • Placement of electrodes
    • Skin preparation
    • Perspiration
    • Temperature
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10
Q

Concentric contraction

A

A muscle contraction in which the muscle torque is greater then the load torque and as a consequence the active muscle is shortend

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11
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

A muscle contraction in which the load torque is greater then the muscle torque and as a consequence the active muscle is legthned

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12
Q

Isometric

A

A muscle contraction in which the load torque is equal to the muscle torque and as a consequence the whole muscle length does not change

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13
Q

EMG:

A

signal your muscle produces when it contracts

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13
Q

Crossbridge

A

is the fact that myosin must adhere to actin

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14
Q

Tropomyosin

A

is lying on top of those magnets acts as barrier for actin and myosin
-blocks muscle contraction
-blocks active sites on actin filaments

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15
Q

Troponin

A

key hole deciding weather tropomyosin is on or off actin
-facilitates muscle contraction
-regulates calcium binding to actin filaments

16
Q

contraction cycle

A

Contraction cycle continues if ATP is available and Ca2+ level in sarcoplasm is high

1. Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and energized
2. Myosin heads bind to actin, forming crossbridges
3. Myosin crossbridges rotate towards center of sarcomere (power stroke)
4. As myosin heads bind ATP, the crossbridges detach from actin
17
Q

Kinetics

A

measurements of forces on a body

18
Q

Kinematics

A

measurement of the motion and position of a body
-the description of the motion of a body (or segment) in terms of position, displacement, velocity, and acceleration, with out reference to the forces causing the motion

19
Q

Electromyography

A

measurement of action potentials along muscle fibres
-provides info regarding timing and level of muscle activation.

20
Q

Segment

A

A predefined portion of the whole object

21
Q

Position

A

-the location of an object relative to some reference

22
Q

Displacement

A

A vector quantity representing in magnitude and direction the difference in position of two points usually measured in meters. smallest distance between two places

23
Q

Velocity

A

the rate of change in position with respect to time. usually measured in meters per second.
in order to increase velocity must accelerate
-change in velocity on graph is a change in direction

24
Q

Acceleration

A

-the rate of change of velocity, expressed in meters per second per second
-change in acceleration on graph is a change in speed

25
Q

Spatial-spatial graph

A

x and y plane are denoting a plane in space

26
Q

spatiotemporal

A

x axis is time
y axis position or velocity or force

27
Q

Vectors

A

-need a coordinate system to give direction
-can be broken into x and y components
-useful to add together to determine resultant forces
-adding vectors is done through tail to nose method

28
Q

Steps to Adding Vectors

A

1 Define coordination
2 Resolve each force
3 Add components
4 calculate magnitude
5 Calculate Angle

29
Q

Solve for Fy and Fx Vector component

A

Fy=Fsintheta
Fx=Fcostheta

30
Q

Vector Resultant equation (magnitude for adding vectors)

A

F^2= Fx^2+Fy^2

31
Q

Adding Vector components

A

FRx= F1x+F2x
FRy= F1y+F2y

Biomechanics (3 decks)

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