Midterm Flashcards
is a way of collecting, organising and understanding data. It helps us make sense of the world around us by using numbers and graphs, in order to study information and draw conclusions.
Statistics
is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of data.
Statistics
is complete collection of all elements to be studied.
Population
is a subset of a population that will serve as a representative of the whole population.
Sample
can be separated into different categories that are distinguished by some non-numeric characteristics.
Qualitative data
consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
Quantitative data
result from either a finite number of possible values or countable number of possible values as 0, or 1, or 2, and so on. (e.g., number of siblings)
Discrete data
result from infinitely many possible values that can be associated with points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions. (e.g., weight and height)
Continuous data
Characterized by data that consist of names, labels, or categories only.
NOMINAL
Involves data that may be arranged in some order, but differences between data values either cannot be determined or are meaningless. It is in ordinal level if the data can be ranked in some low-to-high manner.
ORDINAL
Involves meaningful amounts of differences between data. It has no true zero point or absolute zero.
INTERVAL
Contains all the properties of the interval level but has true zero point or absolute zero.
RATIO
when values of mean, median, mode are not equal the distribution is known as?
asymmetrical or skewed distribution
- describe the spread or variability of a data set
- give insights into how data points differ from the mean.
MEASURES OF DISPERSION
A measurement of how far each number in a data set is from the mean (average), and thus from every other number in the set.
Variance
is a grid with rows and columns for organising data/information.
Table
age groups can be presented using picture graphs or pie.
Categorical data
is like a collection of dots on a graph.
Scatterplot chart
help us see if there’s a connection between two things by looking at how the dots are spread out.
Scatterplot chart
is like stacking colourful blocks on top of each other.
Stacked Area Chart
is similar to a pie chart, but it has a hole in the middle
Donut chart
- is a special chart that uses pictures or symbols to show information.
- Instead of numbers or words, it uses little drawings to represent things.
- make it easy to understand information with pictures
Pictogram
- is like a circle that tells us how far we’ve come or how much we’ve completed.
- It’s a visual way to show progress.
Progress ring
The distribution curve is bell-shaped
Normal Distribution
The curve is symmetrical about its center
Normal Distribution
The mean, median, and mode coincide at the center
Normal Distribution
The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis but never touch it (the curve is asymptotic to the base line)
Normal Distribution
The variable that is manipulated or controlled to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Independent Variable
The variable being tested and measured in an experiment.
Dependent Variable
for comparing means between two groups.
T-test
for categorical data.
Chi-square test
for analyzing relationships between two continuous variables.
Correlation
for predicting the value of one variable based on another.
Regression
A value between -1 and 1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient (r)
variables move in the same direction.
Positive correlation (r > 0)
variables move in opposite directions.
Negative correlation (r < 0)
no relationship between variables.
No correlation (r = 0)
Measures the strength and direction of the relationship between two continuous variables (e.g., height and weight)
Correlation
Predicts the value of one variable based on the value of another (e.g., predicting sales based on temperature).
Regression
