MIDTERM Flashcards
4 Types of Sewage Disposal System
- The Cesspool
- The Privy
- The Septic Tank
- The Public Sewer Line
is a hole in the ground curbed with stones, bricks, concrete hollow blocks, or other materials laid in such a manner as to allow raw contaminated sewage to leach into the soil.
The Cesspool
is a concrete sealed vault with a wooden shelter constructed for the collection of raw sewage.
Privy
The disintegration of excrement is accomplished in the same manner as in a cesspool.
Privy
It is objectionable because of the danger of contaminating the source of water supply
Privy
Is a device or receptacle used to expedite the decomposition of the elements contained in a raw sewage waste.
Septic Tank
The organic wastes accumulate and finally disposed of by disintegration process
Cesspool
Raw sewage consists of water, and settleable solid called organic materials that can be precipitated in a septic tank in a very short time.
Septic Tank
is a public sewage system, operated and maintained by the government consisting of a sewage treatment plant that conveys the raw seawge from buildings and houses to a disposal system
Public Sewer Line
Types of sewage disposal that are already obsolete
Cesspool and Privy
Three types of Public Sewer Line
- The Combination Public Sewer
- The Sanitary Sewer
- The Storm Drain
is the oldest type of public sewer that conveys both storm water and sanitary wastes.
The Combination Public Sewer
Type of Public Sewer Line that is already obsolete and no longer allowed by sanitary authorities
Combination Public Sewer
Is a public sewer facility that carries regular sanitary wastes only
Sanitary Sewer
It terminates in a modern sewage dispersal plant
Sanitary Sewer
Rainwater is not permitted to enter into this type of public sewer
Sanitary Sewer
Two types of Sanitary Sewer
- The Intercepting or Trunk Line Sewer
- The Tributary or Contributing Sewer
is a sanitary sewer that conveys sanitary waste to a dispersal plant
Intercepting Sewer
Commonly made of concrete pipe that varies in sizes from 0.60 to 3 meters in diameter and pipes are laid underground to a minimum depth of about 3 meters, depending upon the natural contour of the ground
Intercepting Sewer
Is classified as an intercepting sewer branch where pipe is made of either vitrified clay concrete pipe laid in an open trench.
Tributary Sewer
Generally smaller in diameter installed not more than 3 meters below the street grade and terminate into the intercepting sewer
Tributary Sewer
Is another kind of public sewer line that carries storm water. It terminates in a natural drain such as canals, lakes or rivers
Storm Drain
Is classified as a device of the main and storm sewer.
Manhole
It serves as man’s access for inspection, cleaning, and repair.
Manhole
It is constructed out of bricks, stone, adobe or concrete at an interval distance from 75 to 150 meters, where diameter varies from 90 to 120 centimeters provided with iron rungs to serve as ladder for the maintenance crew to reach the bottom
Manhole
It is provided with a well-fitted cover on top, leveled with the road surface
Manhole
Refers to the pump that will discharge waste in the sump and transfer it to the house drain installed overhead
Sewage Ejector
Is necessary when the public sewer line was installed at a depth from 2 to 4 meters below the street level
Sewage Ejector
Is a receptacle or vault used to collect organic waste discharged from the house sewer.
Septic Tank
The main function of this is to liquefy and precipitate solid waste purifying odorous materials
Septic Tank
During the retention period, about ___ to ____ of the suspended solid of sewage was removed largely by sedimentation to form a semi-liquid substance called _____
60% to 70%
sludge
It accumulates at the bottom of the septic tank
Sludge
Both scum and sludge are processed by _________ and transforming them into liquid gases.
Anaerobic Bacteria
The solid matter is reduced in sizes and consequently changed in character
Digestion
Combination of two processes in septic tank
Sedimentation and Anaerobic Decomposition
Process that is located at the upper portion of septic tank
Sedimentation
The process of the accumulated sludge at the bottom.
Anaerobic Decomposition
Decomposition of organic matter from human waste is a bacteriological process caused by
- Aerobic bacteria called aerobes
- Anaerobic bacteria called anaerobes
- Facultative bacteria
The life process of aerobic bacteria is in the _______
presence of material oxygen
The anerobic bacteria functions in the
absence of free oxygen
Facultative bacteria function even with or without
free oxygen
Aerobes, Anaerobes, and Facultative bacteria function when conditions are favorable in terms of
- Food Supply
- Temperature
- Moisture
The process of decomposition is regarded as
stabilization
Decomposition caused by anaerobic bacteria which is sometimes referred to as _____, is accompanied by bad odors
Putrefaction
A sewage that turns dark and smell unpleasantly due to anaerobic decomposition is called
Septic
Gases that are produced inside the septic tank and discharged into the atmosphere through the ventilation pipe
- Methane gas (CH4)
- Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
- Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Hydrogen (H2)
- Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
- Sulfu Dioxide (HO2)
Is a combination of hydrogen and carbon, a principal component of natural gas
Methane Gas (CH4)
is a combination of carbon and oxygen, simpliest oxide of carbon
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Is a by-product of methane, classified as poisonous gas
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
evolves as a moist gas from organic waste
Hydrogen (H2)
Is a colorless gas with offensive odor
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
is a colorless gas hcing an irritating odor
Sulfur Dioxide (HO2)
4 materials used in the consctruction of Septic Tank
- Reinforced Concrete
- Plastered concrete hollow blocks
- Prefabricated asbestos
- Thin metal and plastic
Most popular and widely used material for construction of septic tank
Plastered concrete hollow blocks or reinforced concrete
Size of septic tank for a family of 6 persons
1.3 cubic meters
90cm wide
150cm long
120cm depth
Location of the septic tank
-minimum distance of 2m from outside wall
-not closer to doors and windows
-15m away from any source of water supply
Safety precaution in repairing septic tank
- be sure that the septic tank is wel ventilated by removing the manhole cover few days in advance or supply fresh air inside the tank to avoid inhaling chemicals
-use emergency light with properly insulated cord or flashlight powered by dry cell battery to avoid explosion
Several methods and processes wherein sewages may be treated
-activated sludge process
-trickling or sprinkling filter process
What is the most failures encountered in plumbing installation
non-observance of natural laws (gravity and atmospheric pressure), and the grave abuse of its function.
Smaller in size than the soil pipe because it only receives grease, lint, matches, hair, garbage, and many other objectionable substances.
Waste pipe
The drainage installation of a plumbing system comprises three major component parts
(DWV)
Drainage
Waste
Vent
Refers to an installation that receives and coveys discharges from water closet with or without waste coming from other fixtures
Drainage pipe
Is any pipe in a drainage installation that receives the discharges of any fixture except water closet
Waste pipe
Pipe that conveys the same to the soil branch, soil pipe, or house drain
Waste pipe
Refers to slop sink, lavatory, urinals, bathtub, and the like except water closet
Fixture
Function as air passage or conduit to ventilate the drainage and waste pipe installation
Vent pipe
Solid human waste is discharged by water closet only to either…..
Soild branch
Soil pipe
Soil stack or house drain
Any pipe that receives and conveys human waste is affixed by the word that connotes a pipe receiving discharges from water closet.
Soil
Refers to a horizontal pipe affixed by the word soil.
Soil branch
If the soil branch does not receive discharges from water closet but from other fixtures only, it would be classifies as
Waste pipe
Is a vertical pipe installation where the soil branches terminate.
Soil Stack
Stack means
Installed vertically
Word soil is affixed because it receives human waste from the soil branch, otherwise it will be classified as
Waste stack
7 general conditions for a good waste pipe installation (BBRRUCP)
- By making the right choice of materials
- By conservative use of fittings
- Right location of the cleanouts
- Right slope or grade of the pipelines
- Using the right size of pipe
- Correct manner of joining the pipes
- Providing stable and rigid support
Right choice of materials?
The character of the waste to be drained and the service to which it is intended for dictates the kind of materials to be used
Refers to the right choice of the right kind of fittings for a particular change of directions, turns or offsets.
Conservative Use of Fittings
Were specially designed to make smooth changes of directions, turns or offsets.
Pipe joints and fittings
Pipe installation that fail or break too soon, may have been due to any of the following causes
- The use of too many fittints
- The use of wrong type of fittings
It is designed for vertical run with lateral branches only
T fitting
T fitting use on horizontal installation will create a tilted or crooked joint connection called
Premature waste line defects
What is the ideal position of horizontal waste pipe
Installed at 2% slope, inclined ratio of 2cm per m length
3m pipe inclination is 3x2=6cm
Occurs when the grade or slope of the pipe is increased from 2% to 4%
Trap Seal Loss
National Bureau of Standards showed that _____ and ____ are safe in certain type of installation
Wet venting and stack venting
Means the loss or espace of standing water inside the P-Trap
Trap Seal Loss or Water Seal Escape
Usually caused by siphonage induced by rapid flow of waste inside the pipe
Trap Seal Loss or Water Seal Escape
“The waste pipe diameter shall be adequate enough to serve the installation of fixtures in a general way, but the best way is to fit the diameters of commercial pipe into the fixture pattern in the most efficient manner.” said by
The National Plumbing Code
Means to flush or wash out, to remove dirt or grease by flowing through
Scouring
The National Plumbing Code strongly indorsed the use of _____ as waste load in determining the size of the waste pipe
Fixture Unit Value
Water discharge is called _____ representing one cubic foot or 30 liters of waste discharged by the fixture in one minute interval
One Fixture Unit
Waste pipe is classified into two types depending upon the kind of fixtures it will serve
Direct Waste and Indirect waste
Is one with terminal directly connected to the plumbing system
Direct Waste
Different types of Fixture Served by Direct Waste
- Urinals
- Bathtub
- Lavatories
- Sink
- Showers
- Drinking fountain
- Laundry
- Laboratory
- Hospital Fixture
Refers to a connection with terminal not directly connected to the plumbing system
Indirect Waste
Fixtures served by indirect waste are
- Soda Fountain
- Bar waste
- Refrigeration
- Drinking Fountain
Recommended size of waste pipe for sink waste
minimum of 38mm or 1 1/2’’ but practice to use 50mm or 2’’ pipe
Recommended size of waste pipe for slop sink
traps on floors shall be 75 or 100mm and 50mm for traps on walls
Standard Plumbing Code Committee issued limitations on the diameter of waste pipe generally _____ is required for all urinals
50mm
Is any pipe that receives and conveys discharges of water closet, with or without the discharge coming from other fixtures to the house drain or house sewer
Soil Pipe
Is affixed to pipe installation that carries human wate coming from water closet
Soil
Soil pipe installed vertically
Soil Stack
Soil pipe installed horizontally
Soil Branch
Any structure with a house drain installed, must have at least one soil stack or stack vent, extended full size above the roof not less than _____ long and should not be less than _____ diameter the size of the drains whichever is smaller
30cm long and 75mm (3’’) diameter
As a general rule, vent stack must be extended and terminate through the roof of the building. When the roof is to be used other than protection from the elements of weather, the vent stack should be extended no less than_____ above the roof.
2 meters
The soil pipe shall be properly concealed or embedded in _____, _____, or _____, installed prior to the construction of the building
Columns, walls, or partitions
Shall be considered prior to the rough-in work (location of fixtures, thickness of partitions, location of doors and windows, drop ceiling, electrical layout and outlets)
Pre-planning stages
______ that will directly receive waste from water closet shall be short and direct as practicable
Soil Branch
_______ shall be tight and free from liquid or gas leak
Soil pipe joints
Shall be anchored rigidly by means of metal hangers if not embedded in concrete walls, columns or partitions
Soil Pipes
That changes from vertical to horizontal directions shall be done by using
a. 1/4 bend
b Long sweep 1/4 bend
c. Two 1/8 blend
d. Combination of Y and 1/8 bend
