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Middle East Studies > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Five Pillars of Islam

A
  • What/Who: The five basic acts of worship in Islam: Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).
  • Timeframe/Location: Introduced during Prophet Muhammad’s lifetime (7th century CE), practiced globally by Muslims.
  • Significance: These pillars form the foundation of a Muslim’s faith and practice, reflecting the key values of devotion, charity, and unity in Islam.
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2
Q

Prophet Muhammad

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  • What/Who: The founder of Islam, considered the last prophet by Muslims.
  • Timeframe/Location: 570–632 CE, Mecca and Medina (Arabian Peninsula).
  • Significance: He delivered the revelations of the Quran and unified the Arabian Peninsula under Islam, creating a new religious, political, and social order.
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3
Q

Caliphate

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  • What/Who: A form of Islamic government led by a Caliph, considered the political and religious successor to Prophet Muhammad.
  • Timeframe/Location: Established after Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, lasted in various forms through the Ottoman Empire (dissolved in 1924).
  • Significance: Central to the spread and governance of the Islamic world, overseeing the expansion of Muslim rule and law.
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4
Q

Kharijites

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  • What/Who: A radical sect that broke from Ali’s followers after the Battle of Siffin, believing that leadership should be based on piety, not lineage.
  • Timeframe/Location: Emerged in 7th century CE, Arabian Peninsula.
  • Significance: Their split contributed to early Islamic sectarianism and helped form the basis of future theological divisions within Islam.
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5
Q

Shi’ite

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  • What/Who: A major branch of Islam that believes leadership should descend from Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad.
  • Timeframe/Location: Emerged after the death of Ali in 661 CE, primarily in Iran and parts of Iraq.
  • Significance: Shi’ites hold a distinct set of religious beliefs, including veneration of Ali and his descendants, leading to lasting divisions with the Sunni majority.
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6
Q

Sunni

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  • What/Who: The largest branch of Islam, holding that the Caliph should be chosen from the Muslim community by consensus.
  • Timeframe/Location: Developed after Muhammad’s death, found globally.
  • Significance: Sunni Islam represents the majority of Muslims worldwide, forming the basis of most Islamic political and theological traditions.
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7
Q

Battle of Manzikert

A
  • What/Who: A battle in which the Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantine Empire.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1071 CE, Eastern Anatolia.
  • Significance: Marked the beginning of Turkish dominance in Anatolia, weakening Byzantine power and paving the way for Ottoman expansion.
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8
Q

Ghazi

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  • What/Who: Muslim warriors or champions of Islam, especially those involved in fighting non-Muslims.
  • Timeframe/Location: Prominent during the Ottoman Empire’s rise (13th–17th century).
  • Significance: The ghazi tradition fueled the Ottoman Empire’s early expansion, serving as a key ideological and military force.
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9
Q

T.E. Lawrence

A
  • What/Who: A British officer and diplomat who supported the Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule during World War I.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1916–1918, Arabian Peninsula.
  • Significance: His role helped disrupt Ottoman control, and he became a symbol of British-Arab collaboration in the Middle East.
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10
Q

Sharif Faysal (Faysal I)

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  • What/Who: Leader of the Arab Revolt during World War I, later King of Syria and Iraq.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1916–1933, Arabian Peninsula, Syria, Iraq.
  • Significance: His leadership helped Arabs gain limited independence post-Ottoman Empire, though his kingdom in Syria was short-lived due to French occupation.
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11
Q

Devshirme

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  • What/Who: A system where the Ottoman Empire recruited Christian boys to serve in the military and administration.
  • Timeframe/Location: 14th–17th century, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: Created the elite Janissary corps, which became a powerful military and political force within the empire.
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12
Q

Millet System

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  • What/Who: Ottoman administrative division that allowed religious communities to govern themselves under their own laws.
  • Timeframe/Location: 15th–19th century, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: Allowed the Ottomans to manage their multi-religious empire by granting autonomy to Christian and Jewish populations.
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13
Q

Battle of Mohacs

A
  • What/Who: A decisive Ottoman victory over Hungary.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1526 CE, Hungary.
  • Significance: Led to the collapse of the Kingdom of Hungary and solidified Ottoman dominance in Central Europe.
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14
Q

Janissaries

A
  • What/Who: Elite Ottoman infantry soldiers, originally recruited through the Devshirme system.
  • Timeframe/Location: 14th–19th century, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: Played a key role in Ottoman military successes but later became politically powerful and contributed to internal instability.
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15
Q

Tanzimat

A
  • What/Who: A series of Ottoman reforms aimed at modernization and centralization.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1839–1876 CE, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: These reforms attempted to modernize the empire’s legal and military systems in line with European models, but they also created tension between modernists and traditionalists.
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16
Q

Treaty of Sevres

A
  • What/Who: A post-World War I treaty that partitioned the Ottoman Empire.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1920 CE, signed in France.
  • Significance: The treaty dismantled the Ottoman Empire, leading to the rise of new nation-states in the Middle East and Turkey’s War of Independence
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17
Q

Abdul Hamid II

A
  • What/Who: Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who ruled during a period of decline.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1876–1909 CE, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: His reign saw attempts at modernization, but also increasing autocracy and opposition from reformist groups like the Young Turks.
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18
Q

Zionism

A
  • What/Who: A Jewish nationalist movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
  • Timeframe/Location: Late 19th century onwards, primarily in Europe and Palestine.
  • Significance: Led to the creation of Israel in 1948, profoundly impacting the political landscape of the Middle East.
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19
Q

Theodor Herzl

A
  • What/Who: The founder of modern political Zionism.
  • Timeframe/Location: Late 19th century, Europe.
  • Significance: His advocacy for a Jewish state in Palestine laid the intellectual and political foundations for the creation of Israel.
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20
Q

Young Turks

A
  • What/Who: A reformist and nationalist movement within the Ottoman Empire.
  • Timeframe/Location: Late 19th and early 20th century, Ottoman Empire.
  • Significance: Their revolution in 1908 led to the downfall of Abdul Hamid II and initiated a period of constitutional reform, but also contributed to the empire’s involvement in World War I.
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21
Q

Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk)

A
  • What/Who: Leader of the Turkish War of Independence and founder of modern Turkey.
  • Timeframe/Location: Early 20th century, Turkey.
  • Significance: Atatürk abolished the Ottoman Caliphate, established a secular republic, and implemented wide-ranging reforms that modernized Turkey.
22
Q

Arab Notables

A
  • What/Who: Prominent Arab leaders and elites, often connected with the Ottoman administration or ruling local territories.
  • Timeframe/Location: 19th–early 20th century, Middle East.
  • Significance: Played a key role in negotiating the region’s future during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the rise of new Arab states.
23
Q

Sharif Hussein Ali

A
  • Role: Emir of Mecca and King of the Hejaz
  • Significance: Leader of the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I. He worked with the British (through the Husayn-McMahon Correspondence) to push for Arab independence in exchange for helping to defeat the Ottomans.
24
Q

Amir Abdullah I

A
  • Role: Son of Sharif Hussein, first Emir and later King of Transjordan (1921–1951)
  • Significance: Abdullah was a major figure in post-Ottoman state-building, establishing Transjordan (later Jordan) with British support. He played a significant role in regional politics, especially in the aftermath of the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the fall of the Ottoman Empire.
25
Q

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani

A
  • Role: Iraqi politician and Prime Minister
  • Significance: He opposed British influence in Iraq and led the 1941 pro-Axis coup. Although ultimately
26
Q

Jamal al-Husayni

A
  • Role: Palestinian nationalist and leader in the 1930s
  • Significance: A key figure in the Arab nationalist movement in Palestine, especially in opposition to Zionism and British colonial rule. He was involved in the 1936–1939 Arab Revolt.
27
Q

Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid

A
  • Role: Syrian politician and first President of Syria under the French Mandate
  • Significance: Played a role in Syrian political life during the French Mandate period, helping to negotiate with colonial authorities while maintaining influence in the new Syrian state.
28
Q

Sykes-Picot Treaty

A
  • What/Who: A secret agreement between Britain and France dividing Ottoman lands in the Middle East.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1916 CE, Europe/Middle East.
  • Significance: Created artificial borders in the Middle East, laying the groundwork for future conflicts in the region.
29
Q

Husayn-McMahon Correspondence

A
  • What/Who: Letters between Sharif Husayn of Mecca and Sir Henry McMahon, promising Arab independence in exchange for rebellion against the Ottomans.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1915–1916, Arabian Peninsula.
  • Significance: Fueled the Arab Revolt, but later led to Arab disappointment when the British and French reneged on their promises with the Sykes-Picot Treaty.
30
Q

Gallipoli

A
  • What/Who: A failed Allied campaign to capture the Dardanelles during World War I.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1915–1916 CE, Turkey.
  • Significance: Strengthened Ottoman resolve during the war and elevated Mustafa Kemal to national prominence.
31
Q

Reza Khan

A
  • What/Who: Military officer who became Shah of Iran, founding the Pahlavi dynasty.
  • Timeframe/Location: 1925–1941 CE, Iran.
  • Significance: Reza Khan was the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty and the first Shah of Iran. He led a coup in 1921, overthrowing the Qajar dynasty, and modernized Iran by promoting secularism, establishing a centralized state, and reducing the power of religious leaders. His reign marked a shift toward greater Iranian nationalism and Westernization, but his authoritarian rule eventually led to widespread dissatisfaction.
32
Q

AIOC (Anglo-Iranian Oil Company)

A
  • Time Frame: Established in 1908; nationalized in 1951
  • Location: Iran
  • Significance: A British-controlled company that dominated Iran’s oil industry. The AIOC became a major source of wealth for Britain but generated immense resentment in Iran due to unequal profit-sharing agreements. This resentment culminated in the nationalization of the oil industry by Iranian Prime Minister Mohammad Mossadegh in 1951, leading to the 1953 Iranian coup orchestrated by the US and Britain.
33
Q

TIRR (Trans-Iranian Railway)

A
  • Time Frame: Completed in 1938
  • Location: Iran
  • Significance: A major infrastructure project initiated by Reza Shah as part of his modernization efforts. The railway connected the Caspian Sea in the north with the Persian Gulf in the south, promoting economic development and military mobility, while also symbolizing Iran’s modernization and increasing independence from foreign powers.
34
Q

Faysal I (Sharif Faysal)

A
  • Time Frame: King of Iraq (1921–1933)
  • Location: Iraq, Greater Syria
  • Significance: After helping lead the Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Faysal became the King of Iraq under British mandate rule. He worked to unite Iraq’s diverse population (Shi’a, Sunni, and Kurds) and navigated between Arab nationalist aspirations and British imperial interests. His reign was significant in the formation of the modern Iraqi state.
35
Q

Balfour Declaration

A
  • Time Frame: 1917
  • Location: Palestine
  • Significance: A statement by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour expressing support for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” The declaration was a key moment in the history of Zionism and laid the groundwork for the eventual establishment of Israel in 1948. It also created significant tensions
36
Q

Who is Mu’awiyah?

A

Damascus, Ummayad empire

37
Q

Who is Harun Al Rashid associated with what empire and capital?

A

Baghdad and Abbasid empire

38
Q

Prophet part of what clan and tribe?

A

Hashemite and Quraysh

39
Q

What was the Hijra, when did it occur, and why is it significant?

A

The Hijra took place in 622 CE, when Muhammad migrated from Mecca to Yathrib (Medina). It is significant as it marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar and Muhammad’s establishment of a Muslim community (Ummah) under his leadership.

40
Q

What event marked the first military victory of Muhammad’s forces, when and where did it occur, and why is it significant?

A

The Battle of Badr occurred in 624 CE near Medina. It is significant because it was a crucial early victory for Muhammad, boosting his followers’ morale and solidifying his leadership among Muslims.

41
Q

Who captured Jerusalem in 638 CE, and why is this event significant in Islamic history?

A

Jerusalem was captured by Muslim forces under Caliph Umar in 638 CE. It is significant because Jerusalem became one of Islam’s holiest cities, tied to the story of Muhammad’s Night Journey (Isra and Mi’raj).

42
Q

What event stopped Muslim expansion into Europe, when and where did it occur, and why is it significant?

A

The Battle of Tours in 732 CE in France stopped Muslim expansion into Western Europe. It is significant because it preserved Christian dominance in Europe, halting the spread of Islam into the continent.

43
Q

Who founded the Umayyad Caliphate, when and where, and why is it significant?

A

Mu’awiyah founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661 CE, with its capital in Damascus. It’s significant for expanding the empire, making Arabic the administrative language, and establishing the first Islamic dynasty.

44
Q

Who founded the Ottoman Empire, when and where, and why is it significant?

A

Osman I founded the Ottoman Empire in 1299 CE in northwestern Anatolia. It’s significant because the empire became one of the longest-lasting and most powerful empires in history, eventually ruling much of southeastern Europe, western Asia, and North Africa.

45
Q

What major event marked the end of the Byzantine Empire, when and where did it occur, and why is it significant?

A

The fall of Constantinople occurred in 1453 CE, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire. It is significant because it allowed the Ottoman Empire, led by Mehmet II, to dominate the eastern Mediterranean and reshape global trade and politics.

46
Q

Who expanded the Ottoman Empire into Egypt, Syria, and Iraq, and why is this significant?

A

Selim I expanded the Ottoman Empire into Egypt, Syria, and Iraq during his reign from 1512-1520 CE.

47
Q

Who led the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, and why is it significant?

A

The Young Turk Revolution was led by Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) and the 3rd Army in 1908 CE. It is significant because it restored the Ottoman constitution, ended the autocratic rule of the Sultan, and paved the way for modern Turkey’s foundation.

48
Q

What treaty officially ended the Ottoman Empire, when and why is it significant?

A

The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially ended the Ottoman Empire. It’s significant because it recognized the boundaries of the modern state of Turkey, marking the end of Ottoman rule after centuries of dominance.

49
Q

What were the Six Principles of Atatürkism, and why are they significant?

A

The Six Principles of Atatürkism are reformism, republicanism, secularism, nationalism, populism, and statism. They are significant because they shaped modern Turkey’s political and social structure, emphasizing modernization and Westernization.

50
Q

what unified the turkish population?

A

greek invasion of anatolia

50
Q

Amir Faysal

A

field commander of Arab Revolt, then selected by the British to become the first king of Iraq

51
Q

Who was ruling iran after world war 1 but also british and russian influence

A

qajar ruler ahmad shah

Middle East Studies (1 decks)

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