Midterm Flashcards
6 Types of Developmental Theory
- Psychoanalytic - early childhood experiences
- Learning - behavioral and social cognitive
- Cognitive - how thoughts impact our behavior
- Biological - physical/brain development
- Ecological - interactions between people and environments
- Sociocultural - impact of culture on development
*Most professionals have a mixed perspective
A systematic statement of principles that explain behavior and development
Developmental Theory
Father of Psychology
Freud
Three parts of personality
Id - biological drive
Ego - Balance between the two
Superego - Follow the rules
Freud’s 5 Stages
- Oral (to 1 year) - pleasure from mouth
- Anal (1-3) - pleasure from pooping
- Phallic (3-6) - attached to opposite sex parent
- Latency (7-11) - Focus on school, friends
- Genital (Adolescence) - focus on genital
Freud’s Fixations
- early breastfeeding
- early/late potty training
- tension with same/sex parent
- none
- earlier fixations
Genetics
The Study of Heredity
things we inherit from parents. Impacts behavior, personality, and mental development
Heredity
Monozygotic/Dizygotic
100%/50% related twins
Gestational Stages
- Conception - sperm and egg unite
- Germination - wandering stage
- Implantation - zygote to uterine wall
- Embryo - 1st trimester (amniotic sac and placenta form to protect)
- Fetus - 2nd and 3rd trimesters
- Birth
1 in 6 or 7 Americans have?
Infertility problems
Infertility solutions
Artificial Insemination
In Vitro Fertilization
Surrogacy
Adoption
Environmental Factors of Fetal Development
- Nutrition
- Mother’s health
- Substance use/abuse
- Caffeine
Stages of Birthing
Stage 1 - Labor begins
Stage 2 - Baby crowns
Stage 3 - Afterbirth is provided
Methods of Childbirth
- Cesarean (C-Section)
- Natural (non-medicated)
- Anesthesia
- Water birth
- Home – midwife
- Birth center – more like home than hospital, uses midwife model
- Hospital
- Hypnosis
- Biofeedback – understanding, focusing, and distracting
Birth Problems
- Oxygen deprivation
- Breech - Booty first, higher risk of complication
- Preterm (under 37 weeks)
- Low Birth Weight (under 5.5 lbs)
Maternal Mental Health Issues
“Postpartum Stage”
1. 70% of mothers experience baby blues
2. Postpartum depression
3. Postpartum psychosis
Apgar Scoring System
7 or higher, healthy
Below 4, critical
1. Reflexes - reacting, turning, walking
2. Sensory - hearing, vision, taste
3. Sleep - 16 hours
Babies crying means
Hungry
Angry
Pain
SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome)
- Highest cause of death
- Uknown cause
Erik Erikson
- Worked under Freud
- Coined “identity crisis)
Erikson’s 8 Stages
Stage 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust – Birth to 2 years old
Stage 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt – 2 to 4 years old
Stage 3 - Initiative vs guilt 4 to 5 years old
Stage 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority – age 6 to 11
Stage 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion – 11 to 20 (adolescence)
Stage 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation – 21 to 35
Stage 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation – 36 to 60
Stage 8 - Ego Integrity vs. Despair – 61 to end of life
Three styles of development
- Cephalocaudal - top to bottom
- Proximodistal - inner to outer
3.Differential - filter and refine movements/reactions based on situation and experience
Pros of Breastfeeding (4)
- Good for baby’s stomach
- Protects from cancer
- Lessens SIDS
- Less likely to be obese
Cons of Breastfeeding (4)
- Transmission of Disease/Chemicals
- Mother has to eat what the baby needs
- Physical toll on mother
- Learning to grip/let go
Sensory Capacity of Babies
Vision - Nearsighted until 6 months, full vision at 5-6 years, no sense of depth
Hearing - Different voice for which face, use it or lose it for languages
Parts of the Brain
- Medulla
Part of the brain stem
Basic functions such as breathing & heartbeat - Cerebellum
Balance, motor skills, coordination - Cerebrum
Learning, thought, memory & language
Develops wrinkles over time as learning occurs
Two hemispheres
Neuron Structure
Cell Body (the whole)
Dendrites (branches, fingers)
Axons (trunk, tail)
Myelin Sheath (bubblewrap, guide)
Neurotransmitters (use it or lose it)
Brain Function of infants
- Memory
- Imitation
- Mirror Neurons - Triggered by imitation and memory
Bayley Test (1933)
Mental scale items - Verbal communication
Perceptual skills
Learning and memory
Problem-solving
Motor-scale items - Standing
Walking
Climbing
Fine motors kill
Not linked to IQ
Visual recognition memory test (Fantz, 1961)
Evaluates working memory by showing babies things they have seen before and things that are new - looking for reactions to new items
Connected with IQ scores in early elementary school
Stable results across time
Language Development
Prelinguistic - cooing
Babbling
Intonation - melodic “speech”
Progression of Language Development of Babies
ProgressionCries
Sounds
Repetitive sounds
Intonation
Meanings (holophrases - one word to indicate multi-word meanings)
Multi-world meanings (telegraphic speech)
Syntax (understanding structure)
Full conversation
Motherese AKA Infant-Directed Speech
- Slow, high pitch, paus between ideas
- Shrot, grammatically correct sentences
- Focus on nouns and verbs
- Emphasis on keywords, often last in the sentence
- Lots of ys are added
- Repetition of idea with slight variations
- Duplication of words “yummy yummy in my tummy tummy
2 Types of Attachment
- Secure
Mild reaction to separation
Responds to soothing techniques - Insecure
Avoidant - indifference to separation and return
Ambivalent/Resistant - severe reaction to separation, hesitant to accept return
Disorganized/Disoriented - dazed and inconsistent reactions to separation and return
aversion to lack of contact exhibited by thrashing, crying, fussing
Separation Anxiety
Three Stages of Attachment:
- Initial-preattachment: 0-3 months, no real rpeference for caregivers
- Attachment-in-the-making: 3-4 months, preference for familiar faces
- Clear-cut-attachment: 6-7 months, clear preference for caregiver
3 Types of Abuse (Active harm)
Physical
Sexual
Emotional
3 Types of Neglect (Passive harm)
Physical
Emotional
Educational
Impact of Abuse/Neglect
- Insecure attachment
- Less intimate with peers
- Aggressive, angry, noncompliant
- Lower self-esteem
- Poor school performance
- Higher rate of delinquent behaviors
- Risky sexual behaviors
- Substance abuse
- Repeated cycle
- Relational abuse
Causes of Abuse
- History of being victimized
- Stress
- Inadequate coping and child rearing skills
- Unrealistic expectations
- Substance use/abuse
- Mental illness
- Short tempers/lack of anger management skills
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Impaired social and communication skills
- Repetitive self-stimulating behavior (self-harming)
- Strong resistance to change
3 Possible Conditions of Autism
- Asperger’s Syndrome - social deficits and ritualistic behaviors, intact cognition
- Rett’s Disorder - manifestation of physical, behavioral, motor and cognitive abnormalities after a few months of development
- Childhood Disintegrative Disorder - manifestation of symptoms after 2 years of development
Piaget’s Theory
- Wondered if children answered questions incorrectly because they were not cognitively able to answer them correctly
- Focused on the ability to understand abstract, symbolic situations
- Goal was to understand the process of learning and reasoning development, not skills or knowledge acquired
Cognitive Theory
mental development happens over time with maturation and interaction with the environment – intelligence is not fixed
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years)
- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
- Concrete Operational Stage (7-12 years)
- Formal Operational Stage (12-18 years)
Piaget’s Theory Components
- Schema - the building blocks of knowledge (system of organization)
- Adaptation - processing enabling transition between stages
- Equilibrium - balance and understanding
- Assimilation - incorporation of new details
- Accommodation - creating of a new schema when assimilation doesn’t work
the idea that for children, learning happens through experience, not only instruction
Discovery
cognitive development should drive educational goals and information
Readiness
Methods for Teachers:
- Focus on the process, not the product
- Active learning that requires discovery and construction of truths
- Collaborative activities
- Problem based learning - create disequilibrium
- Evaluate cognitive ability and plan accordingly
Characteristics of Early Childhood
(4)
- Ages 2 through 6
- Growth rate slows
- “Baby fat” disappears
- Boys tend to grow taller and heavier than girls
the ability to stay focused on a single game or activity develops
Focus Play
Early Childhood Physical Development
Gross Motor Skills
Rough-and-Tumble play
Fine Motor Skills
Artistic Process
4 Components of Artistic Process
- Placement - understanding (or lack of understanding) of a page
- Shape - general shape without symbolism
- Design - general symbolism without specificity
- Pictorial - specific drawing
When do infants show handedness
6 to 14 months
nightmares that happen during deep sleep, can cause serious fear
Sleep Terrors
Sleep-Walking
Somnambulism
Bed-Wetting
Enuresis
uncontrolled bowel movement
Encopresis
Symbolic Thought
Thoughts are represented in picture form with a few scattered words
Symbolic play:
self-focused, interactive with others; others-focused
Violent play
lack of empathy, lack of helping others, antisocial behavior; Indicates potential unhealthy exposures
Egocentrism
“All about me”
Screen Time
Ages 3 - 2-3 hours/day
Memory Development
- Impacted by desire
- Age 3, coherent memories can be communicated
- Scripts are general qualities applied to common events
- Memories may develop earlier but are rarely retained
- Autobiographical memories are specific, develop more fully when discussed or related
Factors in Memory Development
- Expectations - when they are asked ahead of time to remember something
- Interest level they remember the things related to their interest
- Remidners and cues - younger children require more
- Logic and order - order creates cues
- Mode in which information is required - verbal report less extensive than play reporting
- Tools for remembering - rehearsal and organization
Baumrind’s Patterns of Parenting (4)
- Authoritative: high restriction & high warmth (consistency is key)
- Authoritarian: high restriction & low warmth (“because I said so”)
- Permissive-Indulgent: low restriction & high warmth
- Rejecting-Neglecting: low restriction & low warmth (high-risk behaviors)
Reinforcement Types (2)
- Induction: Reasoning, teaching children how to make positive choices
- Power-Assertive: Punishment methods, withholding desired things, lower peer acceptance, lower grades, and antisocial behaviors
Gender differences in play
- Boys: competitive, active, and vigorous
- Girls: organized, structured
Girls are more likely than boys to cross gender related social norms in play
behavior that benefits others (sharing, empathy) fostered
Prosocial Behavior
intent to hurt or harm
Aggression
