Midterm Flashcards
Human Capital Theory
individuals invest resources in educational & training programs to boost their knowledge and competencies, and subsequently improve career prospects
Signaling theory
individuals invest resources in educational and training programs, not necessarily to improve their skill sets, but to attain credentials that communicate (i.e. signal) to others that they possess certain attributes, such as intelligence or a strong work ethic
Person-Environment Fit Career Theories
People will be most satisfied in a career in which the work environment matches their personality, needs, and values
Frank Parson’s “Choosing a Vocation”
- Knowledge of oneself, abilities, interests, values, resources, limitations, etc.
- Knowledge of occupations and work environment
- Based on the use of true logic, find a good fit between oneself and an occupation
Potential matching variables
abilities, interests, personality, needs/values
Knowledge of the World of Work (Parson’s)
-Nature of job and responsibilities
-Abilities required
-Physical activities
-Requisite education, training, or experience
-Income and benefits
-Advancement opportunities
-Future outlook
John Hollands Typology
-Personality is the pre-dominant factor in a career choice
-People should aim for congruence between their basic personality orientations and the personalities of other workers in a work environment
*find an occupation that matches your personality. These people are normally grouped together
6 Types by John Holland
Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional
John Hollands typology, Frank Parson’s “choosing a vocation”, theory of work adjustment
Person-Environment Fit Career Theories
Occupational selection (theory of work adjustment)
-workers select jobs they believe will satisfy their needs
-employers select individuals whom they believe have the skills to meet the needs of the work environment
Occupational satisfaction
occurs when the needs of the workers match the reinforcements available in the work environment
Major values of the theory of work adjustment
achievement, autonomy, status, altruism, comfort, safety
Development models of career development
Super’s Lifespan, Lifespace theory; Super’s stages of career development, gotfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise
Super’s Lifespan, lifespace theory
career development is not a one time event that occurs in early adulthood, but rather a lifelong process that includes career re-decision, work adjustments, and the management life roles.
Career development
developing and implementing an occupational self concept
Career satisfaction
Extent to which an individual has successfully implemented their self concept in an occupational choice
Super’s stages of career development
Exploration (15-25)
Establishment (25-45)-advancement, setting down in occupation
Maintenance (45-65)-current skills, developing leisure activities, balancing family
Disengagement (65+)-retirement, deceleration
career maturity
the extent to which one has successfully navigated career development tasks over the lifespan
career maturity includes
- awareness of career planning process
- accuracy of occupational info
- decision making capacity
- realism of vocational preferences
Gotfredson’s theory of circumscription and compromise
career aspirations represent attempts to implement one’s self concept. occupational satisfaction= congruence of a career with one’s self concept. Career decision making is guided by occupational stereotypes
People select careers based on (gotfredson)
- gender conformity
- prestige
- actual interests
Circumscription is ____
rather than selecting an ideal occupation, career choice is basically a process of elimination and compromise (i.e. we eventually settle on a career that is perceived to be good enough)
Learning and cognitive models
Krumboltz, happenstance, career information processing model
Krumboltz social learning
-people are the product of learning experiences (shaped by associate and operational conditioning and observational learning)
-career decisions are based off the beliefs of oneself and the occupational world
-career decisions are influenced by learning experiences that have resulted in reinforcements and failure experiences
-the focus of career counseling should be on expanding learning opportunities
Happenstance theory: steps
- Normalize the role of chance in career development
- Turn chance events into learning opportunities
- Help clients create more chance events
- Help overcome blocks to action
Career Information Processing Model
-Multiple realities
-Individuals must be understood in the context of their lived experiences
-Career counseling should focus on the personal narratives that people have created for themselves and how these narratives can be parlayed into careers
Underemployment is ___
working a job that does not utilize the full range of your skills or training (i.e. someone with a bachelor’s degree working at a job like waitressing that does not require a bachelor’s degree)
Factors that predict underemployment
-Certain majors
-Internship participation
-Type of Institution attended (private, public, for profit)
-Demographics
-Location
Ethical issues in career counseling
-Still a client/counselor relationship, so all the things that go with that
-Competence specific to career counseling
-Obligated to help client understand online assessment
-Online counseling
Individualism
framework where focus is more on the individuals wants and needs and takes precedence over what might be best for the family/community
Collectivism
a framework in which the needs of the family/community (any kind of collective) are more of the focus versus the needs of the individual.
Gender issues
-gender stereotypes
-child care, pregnancy, and elder care
-pay differentials
-dual career couples
-sexism
-sexual harassment
Sexual Harassment types
Quid Pro Quo: authority requests sexual favor/relationship in exchange for not firing or punishing the employee, or for favors like promotions or raises
Hostile work environment
demeaning sexual photographs, jokes, or threats
American with Disabilities Act (1990) Title 1
Individuals with disability education act: all students with a disability will be provided with a free appropriate public education (FAPE) tailored to their individual needs in the least restrictive environment
Social Security Disability Insurance
-decade of full time employment
Supplemental Security Income
need based program, no hx of employment required
Certification is ____
right to use a certain title (NCC) which acknowledges that an individual has met certain minimal qualifications (education and experience). can be issued by private organization or government agency
Licensure
right to use a certain title and allows you to practice the profession. issued by government agency
Accountability measures for counselors
-productivity standards: counselors are expected or even required to attain a certain number of direct service contracts within a specified time
-pay-for-performance: counselors are independent contractors who receive reimbursement based on the number of direct client contact hours
Problems that accountability measures have created:
-lower and often unpredictable paychecks
-lower morale and increased stress because of diminished control over client’s attendance behaviors
-ethical dilemmas: prolonging a relationship unnecessarily, not working with disadvantaged populations
Career development as a lifestyle
community member, worker/student, leisurite, family member
