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biol108 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic Synthesis

A

Inorganic molecules in the atmosphere became organic C-based macromolecules with lightning/UV energy

Miller-Urey experiment confirmed; created AA

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2
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Process of abiotic matter becoming biotic

  1. Abiotic Synthesis
  2. Formation of Macromolecules
  3. Protocells
  4. Self-replicating RNA
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3
Q

Polymerization

A

Process of monomers forming polymer macromolecules

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4
Q

Oxidative Mode

A

Oxygen and organic molecules creates chemical energy - ATP

  • Part of citric acid cycle
  • Forward mode
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5
Q

Reductive Mode

A

ATP energy is used to make organic compounds for cellular activities

  • Reverse citric acid cycle
  • Occurs in anaerobic metabolism, CO2 is broken into organic molecules
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6
Q

Systematics

A

Classifying diversity of life based on evolutionary history and relationships (phylogeny)

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of naming and classifying organisms based on similarity

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8
Q

Nomenclature

A

Naming system for organisms

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9
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Species are fixed as God created them perfectly, therefore, evolution does not occur

  • Organized by complexity with man on top (closest to God’s perfection)
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10
Q

Anagenesis

A

Evolutionary change within a lineage, leading from ancestral species A to a new species A1

  • No increase in diversity
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11
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Evolution of new lineages corresponding to branching and increased diversity

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12
Q

Parsimony

A

Best phylogenic hypothesis is the most simple and has the lease amount of evolutionary changes

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13
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

Taxa get lumped together even though they do not share a common ancestor

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14
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

Clade = monophyletic

  • Contains common ancestor and all descendants
  • Ideal in tree
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15
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

Incorrect grouped by similar characteristics, not ancestor

e.g bat wings and bird wings

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16
Q

In-group

A

Group of taxa we want to reconstruct evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

Synomorphy

A

Shared derived states

e.g amniotic egg

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18
Q

Out-group

A

One or more taxa that are related to our ingroup but have diverged at an earlier time

  • Provides root on tree
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19
Q

Distance-Based Method

A

Estimates evolutionary distances from the number of differences between sequences of different taxa

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20
Q

Molecular Clock Hypothesis

A

Mutations arising in the non-coding regions of DNA are less likely to be eliminated by evolutionary process

If mutations accumulate at a constant rate, differences in sequence cans serve as molecular clock

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21
Q

Bayesian and Maximum Methods

A

Use stats to see what traits are most probable in phylogenetic tree

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22
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Shared ancestral trait

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23
Q

Apomorphy

A

A specialized trait or character that is unique to a group or species : a character state (such as the presence of feathers) not present in an ancestral form.

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24
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Shared ancestral type

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25
Q

Prokaryotic Cell wall

A

Made of peptidoglycan (murein), alternating cross chains of NAG and NAM

  • Gram positive = thick peptidoglycan layer on outer cell wall
  • Gram negative = thin lipposaccharide layer outside of cell wall and a thinner peptidoglycan mid-layer
  • Gram negative cannot absorb crystal violet dye and more pathogenic due to lipposaccharide layer containing toxins and being antibiotic resistant
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26
Q

Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane

A

Straight chain of phospholipids

27
Q

Archean Cell Wall

A

Made of pseudomurein (very stable in extreme conditions), made of cross-linked NAG and NAT

  • Also called pseudopeptidoglycan
28
Q

Archean Plasma Membrane

A

Complex branched chain of isoprenoid ether lipids (more resistant to extreme environments)

  • mono or bilayer
  • similar to eukaryotic structure
29
Q

Horizontal Gene Transfer

A
  • Transformation
  • Transduction: transferred by virus
  • Conjugation: DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells. Attatched by pillus, transfer is unidirectional (plasmids can also transfer)
30
Q

Unattached Interaction

A

Symbiont and host are in proximity

31
Q

Ectosymbiosis

A

Symbiont on surface of host

32
Q

Endosymbiosis

A

Symbiont is inside host

33
Q

Domain Archea

A
  • Methanogens
  • Halphiles
  • Thermophiles
  • Psychrophiles
34
Q

Methanogens

A

Live in oxygen-free habitats
- swamps, cow, termite guts
- mutualists
- produce methane as respiration byprduct

35
Q

Halophiles

A

Live in salty habitats

36
Q

Thermophiles

A

Live in very hot habitats
- some can live in water >100C
- chemoautotrophs

37
Q

Psychrophiles

A

Live in very cold habitats
optimum <-10C

38
Q

Proteobacteria

A

Large and metabolically diverse gram-negative group

  • includes endosymbiotic mutualists
    Rhizobium
  • live in root nodules of legumes
  • nitrogen-fixing
  • in return they receive rhizobium carbohydrates
39
Q

Chlamydia

A

Pathogenetic bacteria living in animal cells

  • gram-negative
  • no peptidoglycan in cell walls because they live in other cells
40
Q

Spirochaetes

A

Pathogenetic bacteria with helical stucture

  • swim by spiralling
  • lyme disease
  • syphilis
41
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Gram negative photoautotrophes

  • chloroplasts likely evolves from cyanobacteria
42
Q

Gram-positive Bacteria

A
  1. Clostridium botulinum
    - result of neurotoxic built by bacteria
  2. Lactobacillus
    - fermentation of yogurt
43
Q

Bacteria Antibiotic Resistance

A
  • pump antibiotics out of cell
  • produce molecules that bind to antibiotics
  • produces enzyme that break down antibiotic
  • mutation of genes/horizontal gene transfer
44
Q

Synapomorphic Eukaryote Characteristics

A
  • nucleus
  • membrane-bound organelles
45
Q

Multicellularity Disadvantages

A
  • Need more resources
  • Slower reproduction rate
  • Sexual partner
  • More energy
45
Q

Multicellularity Advantages

A
  • Size
  • Protection (environment/predators)
  • Specialization of cells
  • Efficiency
  • Survival redundancy
  • Movement
  • Reproduction of more/longer life offsprinng
46
Q

Formation of Nucleus Origin Hypothesis

A
  1. inside-out origin
    - Overtime infoldings became more distinct after engulfment, overtime trapping the nucleus
  2. Host cell maintained a virus endosymbiont that provided genetic material
47
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A
  1. Infoldings of membrane
  2. Ancestral single cell took on an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote -> mitochondria
  3. Some lineages engulfed cyanobacteria -> chloroplasts
48
Q

Evidence of Endosymbiosis Theory

A

Membranes: double membranes
Antibiotics: Susceptible to antibiotics
Division: binary fission
DNA: plasmids
Ribosomes: identical prokaryotic 70S sized

49
Q

Colonial/Multicellularity Theory

A
  1. unicellular
  2. colonial aggregation: cells specialize tasks
  3. interdependence
  4. become multicellular
50
Q

Protist Characteristics

A
  • DNA is in nucleus
  • Nucleus surrounded by membrane
  • Variety of organelles
  • Single-celled or multicellular
  • Some have an external cell wall
  • Some have external/internal shells made of minerals
  • Some have pellicle (outside protective layer)
  • Some have appendages
51
Q

Protist Reproduction

A

Asexual: mitosis and cell division

Sexual: meiosis and fusion of gametes = fertilization

  • most protists undergo asexual
  • sexual occurs intermittently
52
Q

Eukarya Phylogenetic Groups

A
  • Excavata
  • Chromalceolata
  • Rhizaria
  • Unikonta
  • Plantae
53
Q

Excavata

A

Unicellular and flagellated, lacking a mitochondia

  • feeding groove
  • includes protozoans (ingest food and move)
54
Q
A
55
Q

Chromalveolate Dinoflaggellates

A
  • Unicellular and marine
  • Many are photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic
  • Shell made of cellulose
  • Swim with 2 flagella
  • Can cause red tides
  • Symbiont with corals
56
Q

Chromalveolate Ciliates

A
  • Unicellular and heterotrophes
  • Swim/feed with Cilia
  • Surrounded by pellicle for protection and without compromising mobility
57
Q

Rhizaria

A
  • Unicellular
  • Move by stiff hair-like pseudopodia
  • Ridgid internal skeleton, some produce hard outer shell

Radiolaria: glassy silica internal skeleton and shell
Foraminifera: internal skeleton and shell made of calcium carbonate

58
Q

Unikonts

A

Ameobozoans: amoebas and slime moulds

Opisthokonts: singular posterior flagellum, includes choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals

  • most are unicellular but also includes colonies and multicellular forms
59
Q

Photozoans

A

animal like protists, heterotrophs

60
Q

Fungus like protists

A

Heterotrophic but absorb food and produce spores

61
Q

Algae

A

plant like protists, photoautotrophs

62
Q

Mixotrophs

A

Combo of heterotrophy and autotrophy, environment-dependant

63
Q
A

biol108 (4 decks)

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