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BIOL108 > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Abiotic Synthesis

A

Inorganic molecules in the atmosphere became organic C-based macromolecules with lightning/UV energy

Miller-Urey experiment confirmed; created AA

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2
Q

Abiogenesis

A

Process of abiotic matter becoming biotic

  1. Abiotic Synthesis
  2. Formation of Macromolecules
  3. Protocells
  4. Self-replicating RNA
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3
Q

Polymerization

A

Process of monomers forming polymer macromolecules

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4
Q

Oxidative Mode

A

Oxygen and organic molecules creates chemical energy - ATP

  • Part of citric acid cycle
  • Forward mode
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5
Q

Reductive Mode

A

ATP energy is used to make organic compounds for cellular activities

  • Reverse citric acid cycle
  • Occurs in anaerobic metabolism, CO2 is broken into organic molecules
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6
Q

Systematics

A

Classifying diversity of life based on evolutionary history and relationships (phylogeny)

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7
Q

Taxonomy

A

Science of naming and classifying organisms based on similarity

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8
Q

Nomenclature

A

Naming system for organisms

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9
Q

Scala Naturae

A

Species are fixed as God created them perfectly, therefore, evolution does not occur

  • Organized by complexity with man on top (closest to God’s perfection)
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10
Q

Anagenesis

A

Evolutionary change within a lineage, leading from ancestral species A to a new species A1

  • No increase in diversity
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11
Q

Cladogenesis

A

Evolution of new lineages corresponding to branching and increased diversity

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12
Q

Parsimony

A

Best phylogenic hypothesis is the most simple and has the lease amount of evolutionary changes

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13
Q

Polyphyletic Group

A

Taxa get lumped together even though they do not share a common ancestor

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14
Q

Monophyletic Group

A

Clade = monophyletic

  • Contains common ancestor and all descendants
  • Ideal in tree
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15
Q

Paraphyletic Group

A

Incorrect grouped by similar characteristics, not ancestor

e.g bat wings and bird wings

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16
Q

In-group

A

Group of taxa we want to reconstruct evolutionary relationships

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17
Q

Synomorphy

A

Shared derived states

e.g amniotic egg

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18
Q

Out-group

A

One or more taxa that are related to our ingroup but have diverged at an earlier time

  • Provides root on tree
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19
Q

Distance-Based Method

A

Estimates evolutionary distances from the number of differences between sequences of different taxa

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20
Q

Molecular Clock Hypothesis

A

Mutations arising in the non-coding regions of DNA are less likely to be eliminated by evolutionary process

If mutations accumulate at a constant rate, differences in sequence cans serve as molecular clock

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21
Q

Bayesian and Maximum Methods

A

Use stats to see what traits are most probable in phylogenetic tree

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22
Q

Symplesiomorphy

A

Shared ancestral trait

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23
Q

Apomorphy

A

A specialized trait or character that is unique to a group or species : a character state (such as the presence of feathers) not present in an ancestral form.

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24
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

Shared ancestral type

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25
Prokaryotic Cell wall
Made of peptidoglycan (murein), alternating cross chains of NAG and NAM - Gram positive = thick peptidoglycan layer on outer cell wall - Gram negative = thin lipposaccharide layer outside of cell wall and a thinner peptidoglycan mid-layer - Gram negative cannot absorb crystal violet dye and more pathogenic due to lipposaccharide layer containing toxins and being antibiotic resistant
26
Prokaryotic Plasma Membrane
Straight chain of phospholipids
27
Archean Cell Wall
Made of pseudomurein (very stable in extreme conditions), made of cross-linked NAG and NAT - Also called pseudopeptidoglycan
28
Archean Plasma Membrane
Complex branched chain of isoprenoid ether lipids (more resistant to extreme environments) - mono or bilayer - similar to eukaryotic structure
29
Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Transformation - Transduction: transferred by virus - Conjugation: DNA transferred between 2 prokaryotic cells. Attatched by pillus, transfer is unidirectional (plasmids can also transfer)
30
Unattached Interaction
Symbiont and host are in proximity
31
Ectosymbiosis
Symbiont on surface of host
32
Endosymbiosis
Symbiont is inside host
33
Domain Archea
- Methanogens - Halphiles - Thermophiles - Psychrophiles
34
Methanogens
Live in oxygen-free habitats - swamps, cow, termite guts - mutualists - produce methane as respiration byprduct
35
Halophiles
Live in salty habitats
36
Thermophiles
Live in very hot habitats - some can live in water >100C - chemoautotrophs
37
Psychrophiles
Live in very cold habitats optimum <-10C
38
Proteobacteria
Large and metabolically diverse gram-negative group - includes endosymbiotic mutualists Rhizobium - live in root nodules of legumes - nitrogen-fixing - in return they receive rhizobium carbohydrates
39
Chlamydia
Pathogenetic bacteria living in animal cells - gram-negative - no peptidoglycan in cell walls because they live in other cells
40
Spirochaetes
Pathogenetic bacteria with helical stucture - swim by spiralling - lyme disease - syphilis
41
Cyanobacteria
Gram negative photoautotrophes - chloroplasts likely evolves from cyanobacteria
42
Gram-positive Bacteria
1. Clostridium botulinum - result of neurotoxic built by bacteria 2. Lactobacillus - fermentation of yogurt
43
Bacteria Antibiotic Resistance
- pump antibiotics out of cell - produce molecules that bind to antibiotics - produces enzyme that break down antibiotic - mutation of genes/horizontal gene transfer
44
Synapomorphic Eukaryote Characteristics
- nucleus - membrane-bound organelles
45
Multicellularity Disadvantages
- Need more resources - Slower reproduction rate - Sexual partner - More energy
45
Multicellularity Advantages
- Size - Protection (environment/predators) - Specialization of cells - Efficiency - Survival redundancy - Movement - Reproduction of more/longer life offsprinng
46
Formation of Nucleus Origin Hypothesis
1. inside-out origin - Overtime infoldings became more distinct after engulfment, overtime trapping the nucleus 2. Host cell maintained a virus endosymbiont that provided genetic material
47
Endosymbiont Theory
1. Infoldings of membrane 2. Ancestral single cell took on an aerobic heterotrophic prokaryote -> mitochondria 3. Some lineages engulfed cyanobacteria -> chloroplasts
48
Evidence of Endosymbiosis Theory
Membranes: double membranes Antibiotics: Susceptible to antibiotics Division: binary fission DNA: plasmids Ribosomes: identical prokaryotic 70S sized
49
Colonial/Multicellularity Theory
1. unicellular 2. colonial aggregation: cells specialize tasks 3. interdependence 4. become multicellular
50
Protist Characteristics
- DNA is in nucleus - Nucleus surrounded by membrane - Variety of organelles - Single-celled or multicellular - Some have an external cell wall - Some have external/internal shells made of minerals - Some have pellicle (outside protective layer) - Some have appendages
51
Protist Reproduction
Asexual: mitosis and cell division Sexual: meiosis and fusion of gametes = fertilization - most protists undergo asexual - sexual occurs intermittently
52
Eukarya Phylogenetic Groups
- Excavata - Chromalceolata - Rhizaria - Unikonta - Plantae
53
Excavata
Unicellular and flagellated, lacking a mitochondia - feeding groove - includes protozoans (ingest food and move)
54
55
Chromalveolate Dinoflaggellates
- Unicellular and marine - Many are photosynthetic, others are heterotrophic - Shell made of cellulose - Swim with 2 flagella - Can cause red tides - Symbiont with corals
56
Chromalveolate Ciliates
- Unicellular and heterotrophes - Swim/feed with Cilia - Surrounded by pellicle for protection and without compromising mobility
57
Rhizaria
- Unicellular - Move by stiff hair-like pseudopodia - Ridgid internal skeleton, some produce hard outer shell Radiolaria: glassy silica internal skeleton and shell Foraminifera: internal skeleton and shell made of calcium carbonate
58
Unikonts
Ameobozoans: amoebas and slime moulds Opisthokonts: singular posterior flagellum, includes choanoflagellates, fungi, and animals - most are unicellular but also includes colonies and multicellular forms
59
Photozoans
animal like protists, heterotrophs
60
Fungus like protists
Heterotrophic but absorb food and produce spores
61
Algae
plant like protists, photoautotrophs
62
Mixotrophs
Combo of heterotrophy and autotrophy, environment-dependant
63

BIOL108 (4 decks)

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