MIDTERM

Question 1

is the scientific approach to execute decision making

Answer 1

Operations Research

Question 2

Another term used for OR in US

Answer 2

Management Science

Question 3

other terms in OR

Answer 3

Industrial Engineering” (“IE”) and “Decision Science” (“DS”).

Question 4

What are the Deterministic Models

Answer 4

Linear Programming
Network Optimization
Integer Programming
Nonlinear Programming
Inventory Models

Question 5

What are the Stochastic Models

Answer 5

Discrete-Time Markov Chains
Continuous-Time Markov Chains
Queuing Theory
Decision Analysis
Game Theory
Inventory models
Simulation

Question 6

assume all data are known with certainty

Answer 6

Deterministic models

Question 7

explicitly represent uncertain data via random variables or stochastic processes.

Answer 7

Stochastic models

Question 8

characterize / estimate system performance.

Answer 8

Stochastic models

Question 9

it involve optimization

Answer 9

Deterministic models

Question 10

When OR originated

Answer 10

World War II

Question 11

The application of maths in the real world

Answer 11

Operations Research

Question 12

give real application in OR eg in SM

Answer 12

Understanding people’s buying patterns
Determining the number of staff needed on checkouts and at what times
Calculating how many of each product to be ordered and when to be delivered

Question 13

OR is the maths used in sport, e.g.

Answer 13

Formula One pit stop strategy
Scheduling football games
Designing a stadium

Question 14

is a way to solve problems in which one seeks to achieve the best outcome.

Answer 14

Optimisation

Question 15

allows you to try out different approaches by simulating events numerous times and answer the “What if…?” question.

Answer 15

Simulation

Question 16

is used to approximate a real queuing situation or system, so the queuing behavior can be analysed mathematically.

Answer 16

Queuing theory

Question 17

7 Steps of Problem Solving

Answer 17

Identify and define the problem.
Determine the set of alternative solutions.
Determine the criteria for evaluating the alternatives.
Evaluate the alternatives.
Choose an alternative.
—————————————————————
Implement the chosen alternative.
Evaluate the results.

Question 18

Potential Reasons for a Quantitative Analysis Approach to Decision Making

Answer 18

The problem is complex.
The problem is very important.
The problem is new.
The problem is repetitive.

Question 19

is not a trivial step, due to the time required and the possibility of data collection errors.

Answer 19

Data preparation

Question 20

is a series of rules, usually embodied in a computer program

Answer 20

logical Model

Question 21

Problem must be translated from verbal, qualitative terms to logical, quantitative terms

Answer 21

Constructing a Model

Question 22

is a collection of functional relationships by which allowable actions are delimited and evaluated.

Answer 22

mathematical model

Question 23

are physical replicas (scalar representations) of real objects.

Answer 23

Iconic models

Question 24

are physical in form, but do not physically resemble the object being modeled.

Answer 24

Analog models

Question 25

represent real world problems through a system of mathematical formulas and expressions based on key assumptions, estimates, or statistical analyses.

Answer 25

Mathematical models

Question 26

are representations of real objects or situations.

Answer 26

Models

Question 27

Generally, experimenting with models

Answer 27

Advantages of Models

Question 28

requires less time is less expensive involves less risk

Answer 28

Advantages of Models

Question 29

A model consisting of linear relationships representing a firm’s objective and resource constraints.

Answer 29

Linear Programming (LP)

Question 30

is a mathematical modeling technique used to determine a level of operational activity in order to achieve an objective, subject to restrictions called constraints

Answer 30

Linear Programming (LP)

Question 31

determines the resource capacity needed to meet demand over an immediate time horizon, including units produced, workers hired, and inventory.

Answer 31

Aggregate Production Planning

Question 32

mix of different products to produce that will maximize profit or minimize cost given resources constraints such as materials, labor, budget, etc.

Answer 32

Product Mix

Question 33

logical flow of items (goods or services) from sources to destinations. For example, truckloads of goods from plants to warehouses.

Answer 33

Transportation

Question 34

flow of items from sources to destinations with intermediate points. For example shipping from plant to distribution center and then to stores.

Answer 34

Transshipment

Question 35

assigns work to limited resources, called “loading.” For example, assigning jobs or workers to different machines.

Answer 35

Assignment

Question 36

schedules regular and overtime production, plus inventory to carry over, to meet demand in future periods.

Answer 36

Multiperiod Scheduling

Question 37

determine recipe requirements. For example, how to blend different petroleum components to produce different grades of gasoline and other petroleum products.

Answer 37

Blend

Question 38

menu of food items that meets nutritional or other requirements. For example, hospital or school cafeteria menu.

Answer 38

Diet

Question 39

financial model that determines amount to invest in different alternatives given return objectives and constraints for risk, diversity, etc. For example how much to invest in new plant, facilities, or equipment.

Answer 39

Investment/capital budgeting

Question 40

compares service units of the same type – banks, hospitals, schools – based on their resources and outputs to see which units are less productive or inefficient.

Answer 40

Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)

Question 41

shortest routes from sources to destinations. For example, the shortest highway truck route from coast to coast.

Answer 41

Shortest route

Question 42

maximizes the amount of flow from sources to destinations. For example, the flow of work-in-process through an assembly operation.

Answer 42

Maximal flow

Question 43

determines patterns to cut sheet items to minimize waste. For example, cutting lumber, film, cloth, glass, etc.

Answer 43

Trim-Loss

Question 44

selects facility location based on constraints such as fixed, operating, and shipping costs, production capacity, etc.

Answer 44

Facility location

Question 45

selection of facilities that can service a set of other facilities. For example, the selection of distribution hubs that will be able to deliver packages to a set of cities.

Answer 45

Set Covering

Question 46

mathematical symbols representing levels of activity of a firm.

Answer 46

Decision variables

Question 47

a linear mathematical relationship describing an objective of the firm, in terms of decision variables - this function is to be maximized or minimized.

Answer 47

Objective function

Question 48

requirements or restrictions placed on the firm by the operating environment, stated in linear relationships of the decision variables.

Answer 48

Constraints

Question 49

refers to a structured approach or framework used to organize tasks, steps, or events in a specific order to achieve a desired outcome.

Answer 49

sequencing model

Question 50

It involves arranging elements or actions sequentially, where each step typically depends on the completion of the previous step.

Answer 50

sequencing model

Question 51

These models help break down complex activities into manageable steps, making it easier to follow and execute the necessary actions in the correct order.

Answer 51

SEQUENCING MODEL

Question 52

The selection of the appropriate order in which a number of jobs (customers) are to be performed (served) is called

Answer 52

sequencing

Question 53

play a crucial role in ensuring efficiency, accuracy, and the successful completion of tasks or processes.

Answer 53

sequencing models

Question 54

All task should be done on respective machine

Answer 54

NO PASSING RULE

Question 55

All task should be done on respective machine

Answer 55

FIRST COME FIRST SERVED

Question 56

Compute the ratio of processing time of the job and remaining time until the due date. Schedule the job with the largest CR value next.

Answer 56

CRITICAL RATIO

Question 57

Jobs are sequenced according to their due dates

Answer 57

EARLIEST DUE DATE

Question 58

The shortest processing time are scheduled first.

Answer 58

SHORTEST PROCESSING TIME

Question 59

T OR F OR is a profession where initiative, creativity and enthusiasm are not equally as important as technical ability.

Answer 59

F

Question 60

T OR F OR teams are involved in projects which involve a wide range of business skills and have dealings with anyone from shop floor to boardroom.

Answer 60

T

Question 61

Information systems specialists might be needed in this

Answer 61

Data Preparation

Question 62

is a series of rules, usually embodied in a computer program

Answer 62

logical model

Question 63

the progressive deterioration of operational efficiency of an item

Answer 63

Gradual failure

Question 64

a failure that occurs after some period of desired service rather than deteriorates while in service.

Answer 64

sudden failure

Question 65

probability of failure of an item increases with an increase in its life. Ex; light bulbs, tubes

Answer 65

Progressive failure

Question 66

probability of failure of an item at the beginning of the life of an item is more but then as time passes the chances of failure becomes less.

Answer 66

Retrogressive failure

Question 67

constant probability of failure associated with the item due to random causes not related to age.

Answer 67

Random failure

Question 68

Frequent personnel departures, particularly those due to mortality, can disrupt operations and hinder knowledge transfer.

Answer 68

High Staff Turnover

Question 69

Mortality is unpredictable, making it difficult to plan staff replacements.

Answer 69

Unforeseen Vacancies

Question 70

Experienced staff depart with important information and skills.

Answer 70

Skill Gap and Knowledge Loss

Question 71

Employee recruited into a position ‘up the ladder’ from the current job position.

Answer 71

Promotion

Question 72

a replacement policy that replace items one by one when they fail.

Answer 72

I N D I V I D U A L R E P L A C E M E N T

Question 73

a replacement policy that replace items in clusters or groups when they fail.

Answer 73

G R O U P R E P L A C E M E N T

Question 74

A statistical model that predicts the probability of an employee transitioning between different employment states

Answer 74

Markov Model

Question 75

Focuses on predicting staff departures due to retirement based on age demographics and historical data.

Answer 75

Age-Replacement Model

Question 76

Considers the specific skills and knowledge required for different roles to identify potential skill gaps when employees leave.

Answer 76

Skill-Based Model