Midterm Flashcards
What is geography?
uses spatial (location based) information to study of the structure and behavior of the physical and human world
How geographers practice scientific method:
Form location based hypothesis
use location based methods to test hypothesis
Find results that support or challenge hypothesis
Geographic answer to this question: Why have people historically lived in populations with similar skin tones?
Locations promote the survival of particular skin tones (darker tones in sunnier regions)
Answer in geographic way of thinking : why do the gulf states experience massive summer rains?
Region is next to tropical warm water, promoting hurricane development, due to earths rotation, hurricanes travel west toward gulf
Geography is a _____ and a way of _______.
tool, way of thinking
geography is inherently __________
multidisciplinary
Geography makes use of spatial info, most efficiently represented with _______
maps
What is the difference between weather and climate?
(Temporal/spatial scale)
Weather = hours to weeks
Climate = decade or longer
Weather = city to county
Climate = larger regions
Weather influences what people wear
Climate influences long term activity (given policies, infrastructure)
Basic unit of time scale (how long a system lasts) and spatial scale (how large a system is)
second
meter
Time and spatial scale of dust devils and gusts
Microscale
seconds to minutes
< 1km
Time and spatial scale of thunderstorms, land sea breeze
Mesoscale
minutes to hours
1-100km
Time and spatial scale of westerlies and hurricanes
Macroscale
Planetary
Synoptic
Weeks or more (westerlies)
Days to weeks (hurricanes)
1000 - 40,000 km
100 - 500 km
This course focuses on what scale?
Micro-scale
What is the atmosphere? What are the layers of the atmosphere?
All the air around the planet
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Stratosphere
Troposphere
Characteristics of thermosphere
mix of very little air and a lot of space, but each air molecule absorbs a large amount of energy
Characteristics of mesosphere
generally in the middle of the atmosphere and is where extraterrestrial objects are destroyed before hitting earth’s surface
Characteristics of stratosphere
contains the ozone layer, which protects the earth’s surface from harmful sun rays (i.e. UV radiation)
Characteristics of the troposphere
generally the lowest 10 km of the atmosphere and is in direct contact with the earth’s surface. Virtually all human activity occurs here. Thus, tropospheric activity impacts humans and surface conditions (and vice versa).
What is the lower part of the troposphere called? How thick is it?
Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL)
fluctuates between .1km and 2km
directly influenced by the surface roughness and heating of the earth
surface friction, terrain and solar heating all influence, causing turbulence, convective activity and changing wind direction
Subregions of the troposphere
PBL
Turbulent surface layer
Roughness Layer
Laminar Boundary Layer
characteristics of the planetary boundary layer
well-mixed through turbulence caused by friction and convection. Depth varies diurnally – thicker during the day and thinner at night
characteristics of the turbulent surface layer
intense small-scale turbulence due to surface convection and roughness. It is thicker during the day (50m) and thinner at night. Time scale on the order of seconds.
characteristics of the roughness layer
thickness depends on height of roughness element (i.e. Buildings and trees). It can be 1-3 times the height of the roughness element.
characteristics of the laminar boundary layer
thickness depends on wind speed. Thicker layer with lower wind speed.
Characteristics of a system
assemblage of parts into a clearly
spatially and temporally defined
cannot be unlimited
cannot be random
open or closed to energy or mass
balance between inputs and outputs
input –> process –> response
What is the EAS? What are its two main levels?
EAS stands for earth atmospheric system. It is an open energetic system and closed material system made of two levels - the earth (surface) and the atmosphere
EAS is in a state of _______________
dynamic equilibrium- different aspects of the system are changing to maintain balance. The EAS works to maintain this balance across spatial and temporal domains
_______ is an organizing principle in nature.It is the reason for all weather events and climate processes
energy
Energy is ________
Work is ________
Force is ______
Acceleration is ______
(only applies to mechanical energy)
the ability or capacity to do work
force applied over distance, or movement of matter over distance
(Newton meter, Nm)
is mass multiplied by acceleration (Newton, N)
the rate of change of speed (meters per second per second; m/s2)
mechanical energy is converted to _______
calories
One calorie = 4.186 Joules (J) and, a Joule is a Newton Meter (Nm).
2 Types of energy
Kinetic energy– associated with motion
Gravitational Potential Energy– associated with the height of an object above a
surface
energy can be used as
Sensible Heat– internal energy which may be sensed or measured (i.e., with a
thermometer).
Latent Heat- energy used to change the state of water.
When energy is used to change the state of water, it is called _______
When this happens, that energy is not used to change the temperature of water.
latent heat (LH).
When water changes from ice to liquid or from liquid to vapor, it ______ LH.
When water changes from vapor to liquid or from liquid to ice, it ______ LH.
absorbs
releases
Latent heat of __________ is absorbed or released when water converts between
vapor and liquid.
vaporization
Latent heat of _______ is absorbed or released when water converts between liquid
and ice.
fusion
Latent heat of _________ is absorbed when water changes from ice to vapor
sublimation
Latent heat of ________ is released when water changes from vapor to ice.
deposition
All objects ________ energy (except black holes).
radiate
All objects gain their energy from ________ (except stars).
outside sources
All radiation is measured in _________.
wavelengths
(A basic unit of wavelength is called a micrometer or micron = 10-6 m).
All objects radiate across a __________.
spectrum of wavelengths
Visible light falls between ______ and _____
.4 to .7 microns
Radiant energy is measured in
Joules (J)
Definition of Radiant Flux
Radiant flux is the flow of radiation over time (Joules per second: J/s).
J/s is also called a Watt (W).
Definition of radiant flux density
Radiant flux density is the flow of radiation over time and space (Joules per
second per square meter: J/s/m2 aka W/m2).
Emittance is _________.
Irradiance is _________.
the radiant flux density emitted by a surface
the radiant flux density incident upon a surface
A blackbody is
an object that emits radiation at the maximum possible intensity
for every wavelength. It has a perfectly efficient release of all its energy. The sun is
a blackbody.
A graybody is
an object that emits radiation at less than the maximum possible
intensity. Some of the energy is retained. It has a less than perfectly efficient
release of energy. The earth is a graybody.
Emissivity is
the ratio between the actual emittance of a surface vs the ideal
emittance of a black body, at the same wavelength and temperature. It is basically
how efficient an object releases energy. The unreleased radiation is available for
use as heat energy.