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Midterm Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the storage form of iron?

A

Ferritin

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2
Q

How is iron stored in macrophages?

A

Complexed into hemosiderin

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3
Q

When is TIBC normal to low? Why?

A

Inflammation; carrier proteins are -APPs

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4
Q

When is TIBC high?

A

Iron deficiency (not in dog)

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5
Q

Where is hepcidin produced?

A

Liver

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6
Q

When is hepcidin increased?

A

Inflammation and iron overload

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7
Q

What does hepcidin do?

A

Blocks ferroportin and turns off DMT1 and ferric reductase

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8
Q

What causes decreased ferritin?

A

Iron deficiency

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of anemia of chronic disease?

A

High hepcidin increases stored iron, less available

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10
Q

How do RBCs produce energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis (no nucleus)

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11
Q

Difference between pluripotent stem cells and progenitor cells and precursor?

A

Pluri self renew, become progenitor cells; progenitor cells limited self-renewal, become precursor cells; precursor cells cannot self-renew, recognizable cell type

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12
Q

Where does mammal erythropoiesis occur?

A

Extravascularly within bone marrow

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13
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in birds?

A

Intravascularly, within BM vascular sinuses

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14
Q

Who is good at erythropoiesis?

A

Birds and dogs

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15
Q

Who is bad at erythropoiesis?

A

Cattle and horses

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16
Q

What gives RBCs the orange tinge?

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

Where is epo produced?

A

Kidney and hepatocytes/Ito cells

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18
Q

What cytokine regulates erythropoiesis?

A

IL3 (from T cells)

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19
Q

Where is hemoglobin synthesized?

A

in RBC precursor cells

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20
Q

Three parts of hemoglobin synthesis?

A
  1. Porphyrin reactions (5 ALA synthase and B6), rate limiting
  2. Incorporates iron into protoporphyrin IX to form heme (ferrochelatase)
  3. Four ferrihemes and four globins bind
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21
Q

What toxin inhibits Hgb synthesis enzymes?

A

Lead

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22
Q

Steps in degradation of Hgb?

A
  1. Degraded to unconjugated bilirubin
  2. Albumin transports to hepatocytes
  3. Conjugated within ER
  4. Excreted into bile
  5. Degraded into urobilinogen in GI
  6. Reabsorbed by liver, kidney, or degraded and excreted
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23
Q

What absorbs iron at apical surface?

A

DMT1

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24
Q

What absorbs heme at apical surface?

A

HCP1

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25
What is ferritin?
iron complexed with apoferritin
26
When is ferritin high?
Inflammation, because +APP
27
How is iron transported out of basal surface?
Ferroportin 1
28
What converts Fe2+ to Fe3+?
Hephaestin
29
What is the carrier protein for iron in the blood? APP?
Apotransferrin; -APP
30
What form is iron transported in blood?
Transferrin
31
What is measured by serum iron levels?
Transferrin
32
When is serum iron low?
Inflammation Iron deficiency
33
When is serum iron increased?
Hemolysis Steroids Non-regenerative anemia
34
When is hepcidin decreased?
Iron deficiency, hypoxia
35
What causes hypochromia (MCHC low)?
Reticulocytosis, iron deficiency, lead toxicity
36
What are common findings in the CBC of sighthounds?
High PCV and MCHC (reticulocytosis)
37
Which type of hemolysis is there hemoglobinuria/emia
Intravascular
38
What causes a normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia? (3)
Anemia of inflammatory disease FeLV Pure red cell aplasia
39
What causes a microcytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia?
Iron deficiency (chronic hemorrhage) Deficiencies PSS
40
Macrocytic, normochromic, nonregen anemia?
Erythroleukemia
41
When is polycythemia appropriate?
Hypoxia
42
What causes pathologic polycythemia?
Hydronephrosis, renal cysts, renal carcinoma
43
Which species do not have a robust neutrophilia?
Cattle and horses
44
In which species is there a HUGE marginated neutrophil population?
Cats
45
Organisms that infect neutrophils
Anaplasma Ehrlichia Hepatozoon Toxo Histoplasma Distemper
46
Organisms that infect macrophages
Toxo Leishmania Rickettsia Mycobacteria
47
At what stage can eos be differentiated from neuts?
Myelocyte
48
Cytokine for eos
IL5
49
What causes paraneoplastic eosinophilia?
MCT T cell lymphoma
50
What causes thrombocytosis (3)?
Inflammation Iron deficiency Blood loss
51
Molecules involved in platelet adhesion
vWF, GP1b, collagen
52
Molecules involved in platelet aggregation
vWF, alphaIIb betaIIIa, fibrinogen
53
What causes a prolonged BMBT?
thrombocytopenia thrombopathia vWF disease
54
What produces vWF?
Endothelial cells
55
Carrier molecule for factor VIII?
vWF
56
What inhibits the extrinsic (TF) pathway?
TFPI
57
Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activate ______
Factor X (thrombin)
58
What inhibits the intrinsic and common pathways?
AT, protein C, protein S, protein Z
59
What amplifies the common pathway?
Factor V
60
What does thrombin do?
Generates fibrin
61
What crosslinks fibrin?
Factor XIIIa
62
What is the major activator of coagulation in vivo?
Tissue factor (III)
63
What type of APP is fibrinogen?
POSITIVE
64
What is the major inhibitor of coag enzymes?
AT
65
What inhibitors are vitamin K dependent?
Protein C and S
66
What causes prolonged PTT?
Intrinsic and common pathway deficiencies
67
What causes prolonged PT?
Extrinsic and common deficiencies
68
What causes prolonged TT?
Hypofibrinogenemia
69
What causes fibrinolysis?
Plasmin
70
When is plasmin increased?
DIC, sepsis, hemorrhage
71
What version of blood has all components?
Plasma
72
What does serum contain?
All protein components except clotting factors and fibrinogen
73
Most plasma proteins are __________
Albumin
74
What kind of APP is albumin?
NEGATIVE
75
What is albumin's effect on clotting?
Antithrombotic
76
What kind of APP is fibrinogen?
Positive
77
In DIC, fibrinogen is ________
Decreased
78
Causes of low proteins (all)
Hemorrhage, PLE
79
Nonneoplastic causes of monoclonal gammopathy
Amyloid Ehrlichiosis Leishmania FIP Plasmacytic GE
80
Cause of hyperalbuminemia
Dehydration
81
Positive APP:
C reactive protein Serum amyloid A Fibrinogen Haptoglobin Ceruloplasmin
82
Negative APP
Albumin Transferrin Alpha2 macroglobulin in cattle
83
When does division stop in RBCs and granulocytes?
Rubricytes, myelocytes
84
Who gets macrothrombocytopenia
CKCS
85
Name the leakage enzymes
ALT, AST, SDH, LDH, GDH, GST
86
Which leakage enzyme is best in large animals and birds?
AST
87
Which leakage enzyme is best in small animals?
ALT
88
Which leakage enzyme requires more damage to elevate?
AST
89
Which leakage enzyme has the shorter half life?
AST
90
Which leakage enzyme is best in LA, but has the shortest half life?
SDH
91
Which leakage enzyme is good for geese and dogs?
GDH
92
Which leakage enzyme is good for rats?
GST
93
Which induced enzyme to use for dogs?
ALP
94
Causes of high ALP
Cholestasis (marked) Corticosteroids
95
Best induced enzyme for large animals, cats, and birds
GGT
96
What else can elevate GGT?
Lactation or colostrum
97
Liver function tests
Bilirubin Bile acids Ammonia
98
What increases liver function tests?
Bilirubin- pre, hepatic, and post dz BA- PSS Ammonia- PSS, function, cobalamin deficiency
99
Which clotting factor is increased in liver disease?
Factor VIII
100
What is weird about the Gunn rat
Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

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