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Clin Path > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is the storage form of iron?

A

Ferritin

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2
Q

How is iron stored in macrophages?

A

Complexed into hemosiderin

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3
Q

When is TIBC normal to low? Why?

A

Inflammation; carrier proteins are -APPs

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4
Q

When is TIBC high?

A

Iron deficiency (not in dog)

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5
Q

Where is hepcidin produced?

A

Liver

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6
Q

When is hepcidin increased?

A

Inflammation and iron overload

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7
Q

What does hepcidin do?

A

Blocks ferroportin and turns off DMT1 and ferric reductase

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8
Q

What causes decreased ferritin?

A

Iron deficiency

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of anemia of chronic disease?

A

High hepcidin increases stored iron, less available

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10
Q

How do RBCs produce energy?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis (no nucleus)

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11
Q

Difference between pluripotent stem cells and progenitor cells and precursor?

A

Pluri self renew, become progenitor cells; progenitor cells limited self-renewal, become precursor cells; precursor cells cannot self-renew, recognizable cell type

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12
Q

Where does mammal erythropoiesis occur?

A

Extravascularly within bone marrow

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13
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur in birds?

A

Intravascularly, within BM vascular sinuses

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14
Q

Who is good at erythropoiesis?

A

Birds and dogs

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15
Q

Who is bad at erythropoiesis?

A

Cattle and horses

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16
Q

What gives RBCs the orange tinge?

A

Hemoglobin

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17
Q

Where is epo produced?

A

Kidney and hepatocytes/Ito cells

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18
Q

What cytokine regulates erythropoiesis?

A

IL3 (from T cells)

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19
Q

Where is hemoglobin synthesized?

A

in RBC precursor cells

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20
Q

Three parts of hemoglobin synthesis?

A
  1. Porphyrin reactions (5 ALA synthase and B6), rate limiting
  2. Incorporates iron into protoporphyrin IX to form heme (ferrochelatase)
  3. Four ferrihemes and four globins bind
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21
Q

What toxin inhibits Hgb synthesis enzymes?

A

Lead

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22
Q

Steps in degradation of Hgb?

A
  1. Degraded to unconjugated bilirubin
  2. Albumin transports to hepatocytes
  3. Conjugated within ER
  4. Excreted into bile
  5. Degraded into urobilinogen in GI
  6. Reabsorbed by liver, kidney, or degraded and excreted
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23
Q

What absorbs iron at apical surface?

A

DMT1

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24
Q

What absorbs heme at apical surface?

A

HCP1

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25
Q

What is ferritin?

A

iron complexed with apoferritin

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26
Q

When is ferritin high?

A

Inflammation, because +APP

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27
Q

How is iron transported out of basal surface?

A

Ferroportin 1

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28
Q

What converts Fe2+ to Fe3+?

A

Hephaestin

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29
Q

What is the carrier protein for iron in the blood? APP?

A

Apotransferrin; -APP

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30
Q

What form is iron transported in blood?

A

Transferrin

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31
Q

What is measured by serum iron levels?

A

Transferrin

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32
Q

When is serum iron low?

A

Inflammation
Iron deficiency

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33
Q

When is serum iron increased?

A

Hemolysis
Steroids
Non-regenerative anemia

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34
Q

When is hepcidin decreased?

A

Iron deficiency, hypoxia

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35
Q

What causes hypochromia (MCHC low)?

A

Reticulocytosis, iron deficiency, lead toxicity

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36
Q

What are common findings in the CBC of sighthounds?

A

High PCV and MCHC (reticulocytosis)

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37
Q

Which type of hemolysis is there hemoglobinuria/emia

A

Intravascular

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38
Q

What causes a normocytic, normochromic, non-regenerative anemia? (3)

A

Anemia of inflammatory disease
FeLV
Pure red cell aplasia

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39
Q

What causes a microcytic, hypochromic, nonregenerative anemia?

A

Iron deficiency (chronic hemorrhage)
Deficiencies
PSS

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40
Q

Macrocytic, normochromic, nonregen anemia?

A

Erythroleukemia

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41
Q

When is polycythemia appropriate?

A

Hypoxia

42
Q

What causes pathologic polycythemia?

A

Hydronephrosis, renal cysts, renal carcinoma

43
Q

Which species do not have a robust neutrophilia?

A

Cattle and horses

44
Q

In which species is there a HUGE marginated neutrophil population?

A

Cats

45
Q

Organisms that infect neutrophils

A

Anaplasma
Ehrlichia
Hepatozoon
Toxo
Histoplasma
Distemper

46
Q

Organisms that infect macrophages

A

Toxo
Leishmania
Rickettsia
Mycobacteria

47
Q

At what stage can eos be differentiated from neuts?

A

Myelocyte

48
Q

Cytokine for eos

A

IL5

49
Q

What causes paraneoplastic eosinophilia?

A

MCT
T cell lymphoma

50
Q

What causes thrombocytosis (3)?

A

Inflammation
Iron deficiency
Blood loss

51
Q

Molecules involved in platelet adhesion

A

vWF, GP1b, collagen

52
Q

Molecules involved in platelet aggregation

A

vWF, alphaIIb betaIIIa, fibrinogen

53
Q

What causes a prolonged BMBT?

A

thrombocytopenia
thrombopathia
vWF disease

54
Q

What produces vWF?

A

Endothelial cells

55
Q

Carrier molecule for factor VIII?

A

vWF

56
Q

What inhibits the extrinsic (TF) pathway?

A

TFPI

57
Q

Both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways activate ______

A

Factor X (thrombin)

58
Q

What inhibits the intrinsic and common pathways?

A

AT, protein C, protein S, protein Z

59
Q

What amplifies the common pathway?

A

Factor V

60
Q

What does thrombin do?

A

Generates fibrin

61
Q

What crosslinks fibrin?

A

Factor XIIIa

62
Q

What is the major activator of coagulation in vivo?

A

Tissue factor (III)

63
Q

What type of APP is fibrinogen?

A

POSITIVE

64
Q

What is the major inhibitor of coag enzymes?

A

AT

65
Q

What inhibitors are vitamin K dependent?

A

Protein C and S

66
Q

What causes prolonged PTT?

A

Intrinsic and common pathway deficiencies

67
Q

What causes prolonged PT?

A

Extrinsic and common deficiencies

68
Q

What causes prolonged TT?

A

Hypofibrinogenemia

69
Q

What causes fibrinolysis?

A

Plasmin

70
Q

When is plasmin increased?

A

DIC, sepsis, hemorrhage

71
Q

What version of blood has all components?

A

Plasma

72
Q

What does serum contain?

A

All protein components except clotting factors and fibrinogen

73
Q

Most plasma proteins are __________

A

Albumin

74
Q

What kind of APP is albumin?

A

NEGATIVE

75
Q

What is albumin’s effect on clotting?

A

Antithrombotic

76
Q

What kind of APP is fibrinogen?

A

Positive

77
Q

In DIC, fibrinogen is ________

A

Decreased

78
Q

Causes of low proteins (all)

A

Hemorrhage, PLE

79
Q

Nonneoplastic causes of monoclonal gammopathy

A

Amyloid
Ehrlichiosis
Leishmania
FIP
Plasmacytic GE

80
Q

Cause of hyperalbuminemia

A

Dehydration

81
Q

Positive APP:

A

C reactive protein
Serum amyloid A
Fibrinogen
Haptoglobin
Ceruloplasmin

82
Q

Negative APP

A

Albumin
Transferrin
Alpha2 macroglobulin in cattle

83
Q

When does division stop in RBCs and granulocytes?

A

Rubricytes, myelocytes

84
Q

Who gets macrothrombocytopenia

A

CKCS

85
Q

Name the leakage enzymes

A

ALT, AST, SDH, LDH, GDH, GST

86
Q

Which leakage enzyme is best in large animals and birds?

A

AST

87
Q

Which leakage enzyme is best in small animals?

A

ALT

88
Q

Which leakage enzyme requires more damage to elevate?

A

AST

89
Q

Which leakage enzyme has the shorter half life?

A

AST

90
Q

Which leakage enzyme is best in LA, but has the shortest half life?

A

SDH

91
Q

Which leakage enzyme is good for geese and dogs?

A

GDH

92
Q

Which leakage enzyme is good for rats?

A

GST

93
Q

Which induced enzyme to use for dogs?

A

ALP

94
Q

Causes of high ALP

A

Cholestasis (marked)
Corticosteroids

95
Q

Best induced enzyme for large animals, cats, and birds

A

GGT

96
Q

What else can elevate GGT?

A

Lactation or colostrum

97
Q

Liver function tests

A

Bilirubin
Bile acids
Ammonia

98
Q

What increases liver function tests?

A

Bilirubin- pre, hepatic, and post dz
BA- PSS
Ammonia- PSS, function, cobalamin deficiency

99
Q

Which clotting factor is increased in liver disease?

A

Factor VIII

100
Q

What is weird about the Gunn rat

A

Congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

Clin Path (1 decks)

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