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EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS > MIDTERM > Flashcards

MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

study of speech using instruments to visualize and measure various aspects of speech

A

experimental phonetics

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2
Q

a sound wave is a_____because the movement of air particles is in the same direction as the direction of the sound

A

longitudinal wave

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3
Q

articles of the medium crowd closer together

A

compressions

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4
Q

particles of the medium spread farther apart

A

rarefactions

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5
Q

presents the sound as a unified entity

A

waveform

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6
Q

presents the individual components of the sound at a certain time point

A

spectrum

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7
Q

presents the individual components of the sound over time

A

spectrogram

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8
Q

calculate period

A

T = 1/f

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9
Q

calculate frequency

A

f = 1/T

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10
Q

a sound with a higher frequency has ____ cycles per second

A

more

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11
Q

shorter vot

A

voiced stop

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12
Q

longer vot

A

voiceless stop

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13
Q

/i/

A

periodic, complex

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14
Q

/z/

A

periodic, complex

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14
Q

/t/

A

aperiodic transient

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14
Q

/s/

A

aperiodic, continuous

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15
Q

horizontal axis in a waveform

A

time

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16
Q

vertical axis in a waveform

A

amplitude

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17
Q

horizontal axis in a spectrum

A

frequency

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17
Q

vertical axis in a spectrum

A

amplitude

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18
Q

horizontal axis in a spectrogram

A

time

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19
Q

vertical axis in a a spectrogram

A

frequency

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20
Q

/u/ f1 and f2

A

low f1, low f2 (closed, back)

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21
Q

/i/ f1 and f2

A

low f1 and high f2 (closed, front)

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22
Q

/æ/ f1

A

high f1 (open)

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23
Q

we can hear sound better in a vacuum chamber because there is no background noise

A

false

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24
Q

sound in water feels different from sound in air because sound travels slower underwater than in the air

A

false

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25
Q

when the slope of the source spectrum is steeper, the output sound is softer

A

true

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25
Q

f0 is the first harmonic

A

true

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26
Q

fundamental frequency means the first formant

A

false

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27
Q

the dark horizontal bars on the spectrogram indicate that the sound involves

A

resonance

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28
Q

the thin white vertical bars on the spectrogram indicates that the sound is

A

voiced

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29
Q

nasal stops are transient waves

A

false

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30
Q

vowels before voiceless consonants are generally shorter than those before the voiced counterparts

A

true

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31
Q

a negative VOT correlates with a voiceless stop

A

false

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32
Q

obstruents include both oral and nasal stops

A

false

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33
Q

human perception is better described by a ___scale

A

logarithmic scale

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33
Q

which of the following is not a logarithmic scale?
hertz or decibel

A

hertz

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34
Q

a ____ sound is such that its frequency is above the normal range of human hearing

A

supersonic

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34
Q

0 dB means silence

A

false

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35
Q

0 Hz means silence

A

true

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36
Q

the intensity of a sound is 70 dB is 10 times greater than that of a sound at 60 dB

A

true

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37
Q

a sound at 70 dB is perceived 10 times louder than a sound at 60 dB

A

false

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38
Q

what is the frequency of a sound that is one octave higher than a 100 Hz sound

A

200 Hz

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39
Q

production experiment target analysis:

A

speech

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40
Q

perception experiment target

A

responses to speech stimuli

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41
Q

pilot experiment

A

a small‐scale preliminary study to evaluate feasibility of the
research

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42
Q

prosody defined by form

A

comprises the suprasegmental aspects of the
speech stream

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43
Q

acoustic aspects of prosody

A

fundamental frequency, duration and intensity

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44
Q

prosody defined by function

A

phonetic and phonological properties of speech
that are NOT related to the choice of lexical items

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45
Q

functions marked in an utterance by prosody

A
  • Syntactic structure
  • Speech act
  • Turn taking
  • Emphasis
  • Rhythm
  • Emotion and attitude
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46
Q

rhythm

A

Repeated pattern of sound units

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47
Q

isochrony

A

The rhythmic organization of speech into equal intervals, languages can be categorized based on isochrony pattern

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48
Q

stress-timed language

A

The interval between two stressed syllables is equal, english and german

49
Q

Syllable‐timed languages

A

The duration of each syllable is equal, french and spanish

50
Q

prosodic boundary

A

immediate common answer is “pauses”, but it’s a broader
term

51
Q

prosodic grouping

A

utterance of more than two words in it often has a perceptible
sub‐grouping.

52
Q

_____is the main cue to boundaries, most reliable cue in disambiguating syntactic
structures

A

duration

53
Q

main durational cues affecting boundary perception:

A
  • Pauses
  • Pre‐boundary lengthening
54
Q

The presence of a ____ is a strong cue to
boundaries.

A

pause (silent interval)

55
Q

Pre‐boundary lengthening

A

Segments are lengthened before boundaries.

56
Q

Pitch excursion at the
boundary is commonly
analyzed as___tones

A

boundary tones

57
Q

Some boundary tones are often linked to the_____(not only syntactic structure). They are treated as intonational
morphemes

A

semantic meaning

58
Q

At prosodic boundaries, the intensity of speech becomes
stronger.

A

false

59
Q

Stronger boundaries are associated with ____ intensity

A

lower

60
Q

Intensity _____ at boundaries.

A

decreases

61
Q

Prosody can signal boundaries in a _____ structure, thus
can help syntactic disambiguation.

A

syntactic

62
Q

Prosody can signal the_____in the utterance

A

emphasis

63
Q

what are the acoustic correlates of prominence?

A
  • fundamental frequency
  • duration
  • intensity
64
Q

______ is often said to be the best acoustic
correlate of prosodic prominence in English.

A

Intensity (loudness)

65
Q

_____ duration signals word stress in English

A

Longer

66
Q

____ duration signals emphasis

A

Longer

67
Q

________(the most prominent element in the sentence) can be
signaled by an increase in pitch range.

A

Focus

68
Q

an abstract concept to indicate the prominence of a
syllable in the word

A

stress

69
Q

actual phonetic realization of the
prominence in terms of pitch movement

A

Pitch Accent

70
Q

If a word is prominent in a sentence, this prominence is
realized as a ______ on the stressed syllable of the
word.

A

pitch accent

71
Q

Focus can be signaled by an _____ in pitch range

A

increase

72
Q

Post‐focal material is realized with a ______ pitch range

A

reduced

73
Q

In the word “permit” as a noun, the lexical stress always falls
on the first syllable.

A

true

74
Q

_____ is a lexical property defined for each word

A

Stress

75
Q

_______ is a sentential phenomenon

A

Prosody

76
Q

statement: pitch ___

A

fall

77
Q

question: pitch____

A

rise

78
Q

post-focus: pitch____

A

compression

79
Q

In a post-focus position, a word loses its lexical stress.

A

false

80
Q

In a post-focus position, a word can appear without pitch
accents.

A

true

81
Q

data are we get from the experiment as the
results

A

Dependent Variables or Response Variables

82
Q

things we’re going to manipulate or control the changes in them.

A

Independent Variables or Explanatory Variables

83
Q

Everything that can affect the results but are not in the scope
of the research question

A

Constants of the experiment

84
Q

Different values that an independent variable can take on are
called

A

levels

85
Q

Syntagmatic relation

A
  • Relation between the target of analysis and the surrounding
    context
  • Positioning
86
Q

Paradigmatic relation

A

*** Relation between the target of analysis and its alternatives
* Substitution

87
Q

There is no reliable acoustic property that constantly
indicates lexical stress across conditions.

A

Syntagmatic observations - conclusion

88
Q

Acoustic properties relevant to lexical meaning often require

A

paradigmatic analysis

89
Q

Acoustic properties relevant to sentential intonation often require

A

syntagmatic analysis

90
Q

The analysis presents all data points accurately

A

Observational adequacy

91
Q

The analysis provides significant generalizations of the observed data

A

Descriptive adequacy

92
Q

The analysis provides a principled basis for the choice between
competing descriptions.
* The analysis has predictive power.

A

Explanatory adequacy

93
Q

Easy boundaries:

A
  • Oral stop [p, b, t, d, k, g] + Vowel
  • Sibilants (= strong fricatives) [s, ʃ, z, ʒ] + Vowel
94
Q

Difficult boundaries:

A
  • Approximant [w, j, r, l] + Vowel
  • Weak voiced fricatives [v, ð] + Vowel
95
Q

The best consonant for prosody research

A

Nasal stops are good for both duration and F0 investigation

95
Q

Reliable pitch track

A
  • Pitch track must be smooth
  • For a continuous pitch track, use sonorant sounds
96
Q

In a post‐focus position, a word loses its lexical stress.

A

false

97
Q

In a post‐focus position, a word can appear without pitch
accents.

A

true

98
Q

When designing the stimuli, it is good to place the target
word of analysis at the end of the sentence.

A

false

99
Q

Data we obtain from the participants: speech sounds

A

Production experiments

100
Q

Data we obtain from the participants: judgment on the sounds

A

Perception experiments

101
Q

Perceptually judging an object is a way of measuring the
object

A

scale

102
Q
  • Assigning discrete categories to objects
  • The categories are not ordered
A

Nominal Scale

103
Q
  • Assigning discrete categories to objects
  • The categories are ordered
A

Ordinal Scale

104
Q

*a special kind of ordinal scale
* It is about the level of agreement on a symmetric agree‐
disagree scale for a given statement
*most widely used approach to scaling responses in
survey research
*5 point or 7 point

A

Likert Scale

105
Q

Assigning continuous values to objects

A

Interval Scale

106
Q

Assigning continuous values to objects, relative to a
“reference”

A

Ratio Scale

107
Q

In general, phonetic research works on____signals
because human vocal tract for a single speaker contains only
one sound source.

A

mono

108
Q

____ uses one channel

A

mono

109
Q

____ uses more than one
(typically two) channels

A

stereo

110
Q
  • Theoretical study
  • Most studies in syntax, semantics, phonology
A

Qualitative research

111
Q
  • Experimental study
  • Generating numerical data
  • Most studies in phonetics
A

Quantitative research

112
Q

the input that is intentionally varied in an experiment to observe its effect on the outcome is called the

A

independent variable

113
Q

the outcome or response that is measured or observed in an experiment is called the

A

dependent variable

114
Q

when the experiment has 2 independent variables, one with 2 levels and one with 3 levels how many conditions will the factorial design create

A

6

115
Q

in the production experiment, which of the following were the dependent variables?

A

pitch, duration, intensity

116
Q

in the production experiment, which of the following were the independent variables

A

position of sentence stress

117
Q

in the perception experiment which of the following were the dependent variables?

A

judgement on the position of sentence stress

118
Q

in the perception experiment which of the following were the independent variable?

A

pitch manipulation, duration manipulation, intensity manipulation

119
Q

____analysis concerns the relation between the target of analysis and the surrounding context

A

syntagmatic

120
Q

____analysis concerns the relation between the target of analysis and its alternatives

A

paradigmatic

121
Q

____analysis is often necessary for examining the acoustic properties relevant to lexical meaning

A

paradigmatic

122
Q

_____concerns whether the analysis provides significant generalizations of the observed data

A

descriptive adequacy

123
Q

____concerns whether the analysis provides a principled basis for the choice between descriptions and its predictive power

A

explanatory adequacy

124
Q

which is the best for investigating pitch and duration?

A

nasal stops

125
Q

nasal stops are the most reliable consonants to segment

A

false

126
Q

when it comes to segmentation, an affricate can be treated the same as a stop fricative sequence

A

true

127
Q

the presence or absence of voicing is the most useful cue when segmenting oral stops

A

false

EXPERIMENTAL PHONETICS (1 decks)

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