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Surveying > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

defined as the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent, and relative position of points, lines, and areas on or near the surface of the earth or on other extraterrestrial bodies through applied mathematics and the use of specialized equipment and techniques

A

Surveying

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2
Q

is the type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat surface. Distances and areas involved are of limited extent and the exact shape of the earth is disregarded

A

Plane Surveying

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3
Q

a type of survey which is of wide extent and takes into account the spheroidal shape of the earth is known as

A

Geodetic Surveying

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4
Q

A ____________ survey makes use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations

A

photogrammetric

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5
Q

an early surveying instrument having an A-frame with a plumb line suspended from its apex and was used to determine the horizontal is the

A

Libella

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6
Q

The International System of Units or SI was promulgated by the International Bureau of Weights and Measurements in

A

1960

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7
Q

the sexagesimal units of angular measurements are the

A

degree, minutes, and seconds

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8
Q

An _______ is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of the quantity

A

Error

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9
Q

A _____ is defined as the length of a step in walking. It may be measured from heel to heel

A

Pace

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10
Q

the method of measuring or layering out horizontal distances by stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated on the tape is referred to as

A

Taping

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11
Q

is a convenient and practical device used for quick and accurate measurement of horizontal distances. It consists of a rounded steel tube through which runs a thin invar rod and at each end of the frame the target marks are house exactly 2.00 m apart

A

subtense bar

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12
Q

the first electronic distance measuring instrument which was developed in 1948 by a Swedish physicist named Erik Bergstrand

A

geodetic distance meter/geodimeter

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13
Q

a special tape made of an alloy of nickel (35%) and steel (65%) with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and used only for precise measurements in geodetic work as well as for checking the lengths of other kinds of tape is the

A

invar tape

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14
Q

the standard practice of measuring short distances on uneven and sloping ground to accumulate a full tape length wherein the tape is held horizontally above ground and plumbed at one or both ends is referred to as

A

breaking tape

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15
Q

defined as the applied pull which will lengthen the tape equal the shortening caused by sag

A

Normal Tension

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16
Q

process of directly or indirectly measuring vertical distances to determine the elevation of points or their difference in elevation

A

Leveling

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17
Q

an imaginary surface of the sea which is usually found midway between high and low tides

A

Mean Sea Level

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18
Q

The ________ of a point is the vertical distance above or below mean sea level or any other selected datum

A

elevation

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19
Q

commonly employed method of determining the elevation of points some distance apart by a series of setups of a leveling instrument along a selected route. It is said to be the most precise method leveling and is used when a high degree of accuracy is required.

A

Direct Leveling

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20
Q

commonly employed when leveling across a wide river, a deep ravine, or across canyons and gullies where it would be difficult or impossible to maintain a foresight and a backsight distance of nearly equal lengths.

A

Reciprocal Leveling

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21
Q

Any surveying instrument may be employed in stadia leveling as long as it can be used to measure vertical angles and is equipped with the standard cross hairs and

A

stadia hairs

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22
Q

The ________ is very identical to the wye level. The only distinct difference between these two instruments is in the manner by which their telescopes are attached to the supporting level bar

A

Dumpy Level

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23
Q

this small device is attached to the leveling rod when extremely long sights make direct reading of the rod difficult or impossible. It may be moved up or down the rod under the direction of the instrumentman. The device is referred to is called a

A

target

24
Q

consists of a pair of lines which are perpendicular to each other. They are used to define the instruments line of sight

A

cross hairs

25
Q

process of determining the difference in elevation between two or more points some distance apart. It requires a series of set ups of the instrument along a general route and, for each set up, a rod reading is taken back to the point of known elevation and forward to a point of unknown elevation

A

Differential Leveling

26
Q

a fixed point of reference whose elevation is either known or assumed

A

bench mark

27
Q

A _______ is a reading taken on a rod held on a point of known or assumed elevation. It is a measure of the vertical distance from the established line of sight to the point sighted. _________ are frequently referred to as plus sights since they are added to the elevation of points being sighted to determine the height of the instrument

A

Backsight

28
Q

A reading taken on a rod held on a point whose elevation is to be determined is called a

A

foresight

29
Q

A turning point is an intervening point between two benchmarks upon which point foresight and backsight rod readings are taken. It is sometimes referred to as

A

Change points

30
Q

The height of instrument, which is sometimes called the ___________, is the elevation of the line of sight of an instrument above or below a selected reference datum. It is determined by adding the rod reading on the backsight to the elevation of the point on which the sight is taken

A

height of collimation

31
Q

a curved line which graphically portrays the intersection of a vertical plane with the surface of the earth. It depicts ground elevations of selected critical points along a surveyed line and the horizontal distances between these points.

A

Profile

32
Q

the process of drawing the vertical scale for a profile much larger than the horizontal scale in order to accentuate the differences in elevation referred to as

A

Vertical Exaggeration

33
Q

The ___________ functions by using airtight box which responds to changes in air pressure. It is well suited for ordinary leveling purposes where only approximate elevations are required. They are, however, not desirable when pressures in the area are changing rapidly.

A

Aneroid Barometer

34
Q

The ______ is the generally adapted reference line in surveying practice. This line passes through geographic north and south poles of the earth and observers position. Since all ______ converge poles, they are not parallel to each other.

A

True Meridian

35
Q

The magnitude of an angle can be expressed in different unit systems which are basically derived from the division of the circumference of a circle. One such system used is the centesimal system in which the unit of measure is the

A

grad

36
Q

a common method employed in designating the direction of a line is by the use of ______. The ______ of a line is its direction as given by the angle between the meridian and the line measured in a clockwise direction from either north or south branch of the meridian

A

azimuth

37
Q

The compass is a hand-held instrument for determining the horizontal direction of a line with reference to the

A

magnetic meridian

38
Q

The horizontal angle and direction by which the needle of a compass deflects from the true meridian at any particular locality is called the

A

magnetic declination

39
Q

a chart or a map which shows lines connecting points where the magnetic declination of the compass needle is the same at a given time is called an

A

isogonic chart

40
Q

A series of lines of know lengths and directions which begin or end at points whose positions have been fixed by other surveys of higher precision is referred to as a

A

closed traverse

41
Q

A _____ is a small graduated mechanical device attached and made to slide along linear or circular scales in order to increase to a higher degree of accuracy the readings obtained in such scales

A

Vernier

42
Q

The process of measuring horizontal angles about a point is termed

A

closing the horizon

43
Q

In the equation, LC = s/n, s represents the value of the smallest space or division on the main scale and n represents the number of

A

divisions on the vernier

44
Q

When adjusting an ______ there are two important steps to perform. The first step is to determine which among the traverse lines is free from local attraction, and the second step is to perform the adjustment successive lines by starting from either end of the unaffected line.

A

Open Compass Traverse

45
Q

The purpose of the adjustment of the standards of of an engineers transit is to make the

A

horizontal axis of the instrument perpendicular to the vertical axis

46
Q

In a _____ the horizontal circle remains fixed during a series of observations. The telescope is sighted on each of the points and directions rather than angles to these points are read on the circle

A

Directional Theodolite

47
Q

To level the theodolite the plate bubble is placed parallel to two of the three leveling screws and the bubble is brought to the center by manipulating these two screws. The instrument is then rotated 90 degrees and the bubble is again centered

A

but this time using only the third screw

48
Q

The double vernier of a transit consists of two parts - a vernier on the left and another identical vernier on the right. Each one is graduated and runs in an opposite direction from the common index point. The vernier on the left is used when reading

A

clockwise circle graduations

49
Q

The latitude of a line is its projection onto the reference meridian while the departure of a line is its projection onto the

A

reference parallel

50
Q

The procedure of computing linear error of closure and applying corrections to the individual latitudes and departures for the purpose of providing a mathematically closed figure is referred to as

A

traverse adjustment

51
Q

The ______ is a very popular rule for adjusting a closed traverse. It is based on the assumption that all lengths were measured with equal care and all angles taken with approximately the same precision

A

compass rule

52
Q

An important rule in traverse adjustment is stated as follows: “The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the course to the total length of the traverse.” This rule is known as

A

The Browditch Rule

53
Q

The method of adjusting a traverse by the transit rule main is similar to the method using the compass rule. The main difference is that with the transit rule the the latitude and the departure corrections depend on the length of the latitude and departure of the course, respectively, instead of both depending on the

A

length of the course

54
Q

The method of least squares is a mathematically exact method. It is the best way of adjusting survey data particularly very precise measurements. This method is employed to simultaneously adjust angular and linear measurements to make the sum of the squares of the residuals a minimum. It is based on the

A

Theory of Probability

55
Q

The ______ is essentially an application of the compass rule. It provides a simple graphical means of making traverse adjustments. In this method each traverse point is moved in a direction parallel to the error of closure by an amount of proportional to the distance along the traverse from the initial point to the given Po

A

Graphical Method

Surveying (1 decks)

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