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Wildlife Med > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Define wildlife rehabilitation

A

Treatment and temporary care of injured/displaced wildlife and subsequent return of healthy individuals to appropriate habitats (and time of year) in the wild

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2
Q

Can you put bands on turkey vultures

A

No-they defeated on their legs which builds up and scalds men

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3
Q

What do you need before you rehab injured wildlife

A

Federal and state permits and notify officials before doing anything (except triage to send to another facility)

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4
Q

What are the 6 general steps of the rehab process

A
  1. Evaluate - can it eventually be released
  2. Triage - prioritize care
    3.medical and surgical management
  3. Convalescence - healing and moving around
  4. Rehab and physical therapy - are they still good candidates to release?
  5. Release
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5
Q

What’s important to remember about the cages injured birds are rehabbed in

A

They need to keep the parent in but other animals out also (especially if outdoor facilities)

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6
Q

What does Raptor mean

A

Bird of prey

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7
Q

How do you differentiate gender in Barn owls

A

Males have a white face, finales have mostly white with some grey

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8
Q

Give examples of falconiforms

A

Hawks, Falcons , eagles , vultures (vultures are protected!)

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9
Q

How can you tell a male American kestrel

A

Blueing of the wings and “ wearing a blue cap”

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10
Q

Describe falcaniforms

A

Diurnal ( hunt during the day), females larger, crop present , small ceca

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11
Q
  • And - falconiforms are sexually dimorphic (males and females are physically different)
A

Northern harrier and kestrel

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12
Q

Describe strigiformes

A

All species of owls, mostly nocturnal, no distinct sexual dimorphism , females larger, well developed ceca I no crop present

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13
Q

Which strigiformes are diurnal (hunt during day)

A

Burrowing owl, great gray owl , snowy owl

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14
Q

How should you control raptors ? what is the exception

A

Control feet first, then head - except vultures because they have flat feet they defecate on

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15
Q

What is the issue with ill fitting hoods

A

Can damage corneas

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16
Q

Describe feet of raptor (birds of prey) then raptors

A

Raptors - large muscular feet to tear prey apart
Vultures - flat feet , have hooked beaks to tear prey apart

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17
Q

What happens if primary feathers are broker off in raptor handling

A

Have to wait til next molting season (a year to be released)

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18
Q

How should you not restrain raptors

A

Don’t compress sternum or lay bird on back

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19
Q

What clinical signs might you see in a bird fed too much frozen fish

A

Neuro signs due to increased tismine

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20
Q

What kind of perch do falcons like? Kestrels?

A

Falcons - Flat perches
Kestrels - Round perches

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21
Q

Describe lead toxicosis in birds - what is diagnostic for it

A

Secondary to ingestion of prey (especially eagles) causing weakness, neuro signs (head pressing), weight loss - signs appear >1 ppm but prognosis is poor if >2ppm, normal is 0.2-0.4 ppm

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22
Q

How do you treat lead toxicosis

A

Supportive care, remove lead, calcium EDMA (chelation therapy - remove lead)

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23
Q

Describe pododermatitis (bumble foot)

A

Ascending bacterial infection of the feet (Staph aureus ), disease of captive birds, most common in falcons o birds on perches too long

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24
Q

What causes bumblefoot

A

Improper perches, overgrown talons , obesity and inactivity, unequal weight being due to bandaging

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25
Q

Are blue eyes in orphaned juvenile raptors pathologic

A

No - juvenile interacts are a temporary condition

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26
Q

What is the most important infectious raptor disease in clinics ? How do you treat

A

Avian tuberculosis (m. Avium) - bacterial, weakness, chronic weight loss, excertional dyspnea - treat with quarantine and bedding replacement and strict sanitation

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27
Q

How do you diagnose avian tuberculosis

A

Increased leukocytes, hepatosplenomegaly, granulomas or bone marrow masses, culture

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28
Q

What is the most important respiratory disease in raptors? Who is most affected

A

Aspergillosis - fungal; eagles, peregrine falcon, goshawk (falcons most susceptible)

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29
Q

What disease causes oral plaques (also crop and upper gi)? How do you treat

A

Candidiasis - fungal / yeast infection; treat with itraconazole

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30
Q

What is the ultimate goal for raptor rehab

A

Release back to the wild

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31
Q

What caused the outbreak of rabies in Virginia

A

Translocation of infected raccoons

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32
Q

Describe dumb rabies

A

Aimless wandering, lethargy, incoordination, weakness in hind legs, pozlusis

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33
Q

Describe furious rabies

A

Vicious attacks and self mutilation

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34
Q

What do both forms of rabies ultimately end up in

A

End in convulsions, coma, death

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35
Q

Briefly describe the transmission of rabies

A

In salivary gland - exposure when saliva enters a wound (bite or scratch), aerosol, organ transplant - virus does not persist outside the host

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36
Q

How do we diagnose rabies

A

Brain tissue or fat (favorescent antibody test) - will see negri bodies on histo

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37
Q

What’s the main goal of controlling rabies

A

Prevent western spread

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38
Q

Rabies is - in people

A

100% fatal

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39
Q

If there is a rabies case - who is in charge

A

State officials due to high zoonotic potential

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40
Q

What systems are most affected by canine distemper

A

Respiratory tract, GI tract , eyes

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41
Q

Which wildlife are most often hosts of chine distemper

A

Raccoons, gray foxes , coyotes - major cause of mortality in raccoons and grey foxes

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42
Q

What clinical signs and you see with canine distemper

A

Dyspnea, coughing, diarrhea, convulsions, chewing fits, loss of fear, proliferation of foot pad epithelium

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43
Q

How do you diagnose canine distemper

A

Eosinophilia viral inclusion bodies, fat lair dried ocular swabs in live animals

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44
Q

What is the path genesis of canine distemper

A

Replicates in lymphatic tissues, secondary viremia occurs, disseminated infection that can be deadly in 2-4 weeks

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45
Q

What virus was responsible for near extinction of the black footed ferret

A

Canine distemper virus (also in African wild dogs)

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46
Q

What is the major difference between rabies and canine distemper virus

A

Canine distemper virus doesn’t really have Public health concerns - rabies obviously does

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47
Q

Who is often affected by sarcastic mange (infestation of sarcoptes scabiei mite)

A

Red foxes (distemper was grey foxes) and coyotes - card cross to domestic dogs

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48
Q

What are clinical signs of sarcoptic mange

A

Alopecia, thickening and wrinkling of the skin, pruritus so bad they lose weight because not hunting, death in 2-3 months

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49
Q

How do you diagnose sarcoptic mange

A

Skin scrape + clinical signs

50
Q

What is the significance of sarcastic mange in wildlife

A

Substantial mortality in red fox population, zoonotic potential can cause transient dermatitis in people

51
Q

What causes hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer

A

Episodic hemorragic disease or blue tongue virus

52
Q

How is hemorrhagic disease transmitted, when does it occur

A

Biting midges (culcoides vector) in late summer early fall, causes acute or chronic disease

53
Q

What are acute signs of hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer

A

Fever, oral cyanosis, pulmonary edema, edema of head and neck respiratory distress, rapid death in 1-3 days

54
Q

What are chronic signs of hemorrhagic disease in white tailed deer

A

Sloughing of hoof wall, ruminal ulcers , weight loss, sudden death

55
Q

Does blue tongue virus affect cattle

A

Usually asymptomatic - might see loners or sore mouth

56
Q

Are sheep affected by bluetongue virus? Ehd?

A

More serious disease in sheep (BT virus) - sheep not affected by ehd

57
Q

Where is hemorrhagic disease of white tailed deer mostly found

A

Along eastern coast of Virginia, rave west of blue ridge

58
Q

What causes tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium Bovis

59
Q

How is tuberculosis transmitted in wildlife? Which states are most affected

A

Aerosol, consumption of contaminated feed - congregations of deer at feed grounds in the winter then those deer hope fences into cattle fields - Michigan and Minnesota increasingly affected

60
Q

What are clinical signs of tuberculosis

A

Chronic disease with weight loss, small yellow nodes in chest and lungs, subQ swelling and abscesses, swollen lymph nodes in head and cranial neck - disseminated when end stage disease

61
Q

How do you diagnose tuberculosis

A

Single cervical test with intradermal injection of tuberculin, comparative cervical test

62
Q

What are concerns around tuberculosis in wildlife

A

Possible hunter exposure to tuberculosis from infected her, loss of trade status - plan to eliminate supplemental feeding and baiting and reduce her density through hunting

63
Q

Describe chronic wasting disease - which wildlife species are affected

A

Progressive neuro disease resulting in death due to prions, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy - affects elk, deer, moose - white tailed deer most affected

64
Q

Do priors in CWD last in environment

A

Yes- can last for years very resistant

65
Q

What are clinical signs of CWD ? What is the incubation period

A

12 months to 3-5 years - emociation, abnormal posture, staggering,aspiration pneumonia

66
Q

How do you diagnose CWD

A

Presence of prions in obex or retro pharyngeal lymph nodes, ELISA - have to depopulate to test

67
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk with CWD

A

No evidence

68
Q

What is meningeal worm ? What is the intermediate host

A

p. Tenuis , CNS nematode of white tailed deer - migrates along spine column and brain -intermediate host is the snail

69
Q

How do youdiagnose meningeal worm in White tailed deer

A

Finding adult worms in the CNS - have to euthanize first

70
Q

What are clinical signs of meringeal worm

A

No signs in White tailed deer - progressive fatal neuro disease in some species, others survive and shed larvae

71
Q

Describe wet avian pox

A

Raised plaques in oral cavity or respiratorytract

72
Q

Describe the dry form of avian pox

A

Proliferative nodules on unfeathered areas of Body

73
Q

How is avian pox transmitted

A

Blood feeding insects (mosquito), inhalation or ingestion of infected scabs

74
Q

Is there zoonotic potential for Avian pox

A

No

75
Q

What are clinical signs of Avian pox

A

Emaciation, visual impairment, respiratory distress, inability to eat or swallow

76
Q

What signs do you see with Duck viral enteritis

A

Bloody discharge from nares, mouth , vent , ability to fly, convulsions, sudden death

77
Q

How is duck viral enteritis transmitted

A

Contact, virus shed in fecal/oral - survivors lifetime carriers and shed virus, often shed along flyways

78
Q

Is there zoonotic risk from duck viral enteritis

A

No

79
Q

Which species are affected by avian influenza

A

Domestic poultry, waterfowl - contagious to domestic poultry

80
Q

What are the most commonly highly pathogenic avian influenza strains? Where is the virus harbored

A

H5 and H7 - virus usually in respirator and intestinal tract of birds

81
Q

H PAI is a - disease

A

Woah reportable disease

82
Q

How is West Nile virus spread

A

Mosquitos (and birds)

83
Q

What are clinical signs of West Nile virus

A

Fever, ataxia , incoordination, paresis, paralysis, death and fatal neurologic disease

84
Q

What will you see in an animal with West Nile virus on gross necropsy

A

Meningeal, cerebral , cerebella congestion, myocardial hemorrhages and necrosis

85
Q

Is West Nile virus a public health risk

A

Yes

86
Q

What causes avian cholera ? Who are the hosts

A

P. Multocida - hosts usually water birds, rodents and raptors

87
Q

What are clinical signs of avian cholera

A

Incoordination, tremors, inability to fly, hemorrhage in heart, liver; copper colored liver

88
Q

Is there public health risk to avian cholera

A

Low risk, local infection, septicemia via inhalation - wear PPE

89
Q

What causes avian tuberculosis ? How is it transmitted

A

Mycobacterium avium - transmitted by fecal contamination or ingestion of contaminated feed (feeders)

90
Q

What are clinical signs of avian tuberculosis

A

Emaciation, muscle wasting, weakness, soreness, large plaques on airsacs, multi focal grandomators nodules in liver, spleen, intestine,

91
Q

Why is control of avian tuberculosis hard

A

Intermittent fecal shedding (ante morten testing hard), long term survival in soil

92
Q

Is there a public health risk with avian tuberculosis

A

Children and elderly individuals and immunocompromised persons - especially in avian rehab locations

93
Q

How is aspergillosis transmitted

A

Inhalation of fungal spores - moldy feed, etc

94
Q

What are clinical signs of aspergillosis

A

Respiratory distress, wheezing, cough, weakness, emaciation, death. - multifocal white yellow green modules or plaques in the trachea

95
Q

How do you treat aspergillosis

A

Hard - may not be worth treating because it will come back

96
Q

Is there a zoonotic risk with aspergillos is

A

Old or immunocompromised

97
Q

If you see vacillation of White matter in brain and spinal cord what could it be

A

Avian vacuolar myelinopathy

98
Q

What causes avian botulism

A

Clostridium type C - bacteria in decaying matter, then maggots eat that plus the toxin then birds eat the maggots

99
Q

How do uw offer diagnose lead poisoning in birds

A

Rads

100
Q

How do you diagnose sarcosporidiosis - is there zoonotic concern

A

Check muscle on histopath for White rice like lesions (cysts) - no even if infected meat is ingested

101
Q

Define emerging infectious disease

A

Disease appearing in population for the first time op known but rapidly increasing in prevalence

102
Q

What are the primary reservoir of Hanta virus

A

Rodents

103
Q

What 2 animals are needed to spread lymes disease

A

White footed mouse and white tailed deer

104
Q

Pinpoint white lesions in the liver and spleen in indicate

A

Tularemia

105
Q

What is chytridiomycosis

A

Fungal disease affecting amphibians - causes mass mortality in toads, causes epidermal sloughing and hemorrhage

106
Q

What is White nosed syndrome of bats

A

Fungus causing emaciation in all bats in caves - no way to treat (try to stop people exploring caves) - will see a white substance on the head, ears and wings of bats

107
Q

What is the main host of monkeypox

A

African squirrels (brought in to US by prarie dogs and rodents )

108
Q

What are clinical signs of monkeypox

A

Papules on hands, feet, tongue, etc - lesions usually go away and survivors become immune (low mortality)

109
Q

What is the major definitive host of hydatid cyst disease (very small tapeworm)

A

Red fox

110
Q

Is there zoonotic potential with hydrated cyst disease

A

Yes - people susceptible to larval stage which causes hyatid alveolar disease , cysts most commonly destroy the liver

111
Q

What are the intermediate hosts of hyatid cyst disease

A

Rodents

112
Q

Describe visceral larval migrans

A

Ascarid larvae from carnivore species migrate through the organs of humans causing fever, liver, lung and eye damage

113
Q

Describe the zoonotic risk of Baylisascaris

A

Humans can get it by rehabbing raccoons - causes visceral, ocular and CNS larval migrans, has caused a number of human deaths with permanent neuralogic disease, requires flaming to kill

114
Q

What are common hosts of the plague

A

Prairie dogs, ground squirrels, felids, black footed ferrets

115
Q

What form of the plague caused the Black Death

A

The primary pneumonic form - the bubonic form caused lymphadenitis and granular lesions

116
Q

What do you need to handle the plague

A

FDA clearance because it is a category A bioterrism agent

117
Q

How do you diagnose the plague

A

Bipolar gram negative staining coccobacillus in lymph node aspirates - definite diagnosis with IHC

118
Q

What are 5 major influences of emerging infectious diseases

A

Environmental degradation, translocation of infected animals, feeding stations, game farming , feral animals

119
Q

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease is a - in the us

A

Foreign animal disease

120
Q

Does rabbit hemorrhagic disease affect humans

A

No

121
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of rabbit hemorrhagic disease - can you treat

A

Highly contagious, incubation 2-4 days / fever, palor, hemorrhage from nose, hematuria, shock , sudden death I liver failure and DIC leading to death - unrewarding treatment , state vet has vaccines for domestic rabbits

122
Q

Which type of rabbit hemorrhagic disease (a calicivirus) has lower mortality

A

RHDV 2 has a lower mortality which is good it affects many species of rabbit where as rhdvi only affects adults of one species

Wildlife Med (2 decks)

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