Midterm

Question 1

Inhalation

Answer 1

1. Diaphragm contracts
2. External intercostal muscles contract
3. Volume of chest cavity increases
4. Pressure inside the lungs is less than the air outside
5. Pressure in the lungs decreases
6. Air moves from high to low pressure outside the lungs

Question 2

Exhalation

Answer 2

1. Diaphragm relaxes
2. External intercostal muscles relax + Internal intercostal muscles contract
3. Volume of chest cavity decreases
4. Pressure inside the lungs is higher than the air outside
5. Pressure in the lungs increases
6. Air moves from low to high pressure outside the lungs

Question 3

Adaptations for good gas exchange

Answer 3

1. Large Surface area
2. Short distance
3. Surface moist - helps the gases to dissolve
4. Breathing keeps a high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli
5. Blood removes O2 keeping, concentration low
6. Maintains a steep concentration gradient of O2 between the alveoli and the blood

Question 4

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 4

Glucose + Oxygen ————> Carbon Dioxide + Water

Question 5

Anaerobic Respiration in Animals

Answer 5

Glucose ————> Lactic Acid

Question 6

Cartilage Function

Answer 6

Cartilage has many functions, including the ability to resist compressive forces, enhance bone resilience, and provide support on bony areas where there is a need for flexibility.

Question 7

Function of the mucus

Answer 7

The major function of mucus is to protect the lung through mucociliary clearance against foreign particles and chemicals entering the lung.

Question 8

Function of ciliated cells

Answer 8

Ciliated cells play an integral role in the defense mechanisms of the respiratory system. By the coordinated beating of their cilia they provide the force necessary to clear potentially harmful material from the airways.

Question 9

Function of the trachea

Answer 9

Your trachea’s main function is to carry air in and out of your lungs. Because it’s a stiff tube, it provides a reliable pathway for oxygen to enter your body.

Question 10

Yeast + Plants Anaerobic respiration

Answer 10

Glucose ————> Carbon Dioxide + Ethanol

Question 11

Aerobic vs Anaerobic

Answer 11

Respiration releases energy stored in glucose and without it these cells would die. There are two types of respiration: Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and in most cells most of the time. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and much less frequently than aerobic respiration.

Question 12

Products of Fermentation

Answer 12

Ethanol and Carbon Dioxide

Question 13

why complex multicellular organisms require specialised breathing systems with reference to diffusion and surface area to volume ratio.

Answer 13

As Organisms get bigger, simple diffusion is no longer available. This is because the surface area to volume ratio decreases so the oxygen will take longer to reach all the cells.

Question 14

mechanism of breathing in and out with correct reference to the role of the diaphragm in ventilation, and the terms lung volume and pressure.

Answer 14

This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs. The second phase is called expiration, or exhaling. When the lungs exhale, the diaphragm relaxes, and the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases, while the pressure within it increases

Question 15

explain the difference in composition between inhaled and exhaled air.

Answer 15

Inhaled : n - 78
o - 21
other -1
c - 0.04

Exhaled
N - 78
O - 17
Other - 1
Carbon 4

Question 16

effect of exercise on breathing

Answer 16

Causes you to take deeper and more breaths per minute

Question 17

Breathing vs respiration

Answer 17

Breathing is the mechanical process of taking freah air into the lungs and removing carbon dioxide from the lungs. Respiration is the chemical process which takes place in every cell to release energy from the simple sugars