Midterm Flashcards
Midterm materials covering the first 9 weeks of the course taught by Dr, Case
What year were Native Americans made citizens in the United States
1924
Racial Project
Think reforming, fixing an issue of racism
An interpretation, representation, or explanation of racial dynamics, and an effort to reorganize and redistribute resources along racial lines (NOT necessarily in a good way)
How did this come about
Racial Health Disparities
A result of deeply rooted social, economic, and political structure
Monogenism
All humans have a single origin
Polygenism
Different races have different origins. Polygenists usually are strong proponents of differential worth
Who invented the word “Caucasian” to be the equivalent of white
Johan Blumenback (1754)
Racism
Racial prejudice plus institutional and systemic power to dominate, exclude, discriminate against or abuse targeted groups of people based on race
Colorism
Discrimination based on shade of skin color. Often by groups of the same race.
Definition
Oppression
There are three componets to this answer (result of, how it’s reinforced, and societal set up)
- A result of racism is a part of the dominant culture’s national consciousness.
- It is reinforced through social institutions.
- An imbalance of social and economic power in society.
Structural Racism
A system of public policies, institutional practices, cultural representations, and other norms work in various reinforcing ways to perpetuate racial group inequality.
Rank
The power we have relative to one another in a relationship. Can be both earned or given at birth
Privilege
Benefits/ advantages that come from one’s rank
White Privilege
Historical and contemporary advantages in access to quality education, decent jobs, livable wages, homeownership, retirement benefits, inherited property, wealth, and other benefits.
Pequot people (1636)
Lost a war with the English, and were enslaved. They later resisted and ran away. For that reason, they were traded to Bermuda in exchange for African slaves and were shipped on New England’s first slave ship
1662 - Virginia Law
Determining the status of a child is determined by its mother.
Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin (1793) enabling larger cotton plantations and requiring the labor of more and more enslaved people.
Quok Walker
Mass Supreme Court abolishes slavery as a result of a freedom lawsuit brought up by him
Tigon Law
Louisiana law which prohibited black women from uncovering their hair
Anarcha, Betsy, and Lucy
Experimental enslaved African women of Dr. Marion Sims for gynecology (repairing vaginal fistulas)
Dred Scott Decision (1857)
Enslaved man man who was taken into free territory by his owner. He sued for his freedom as he lived in free territory.
His court was argued in the supreme court and lost because he was considered property not, a citizen.
Intersectionality
Combination of race, disability, gender, sexual orientation, and class
Patricia Hills Collins (1990)
Matrix of domination through which individuals experience both privilege and oppression or multiple oppressions.
Intersectional basics
Recognized within-group differences
Sees stratifying institutions as inseparable
An explicit analysis of power
Acknowledges complexity
Closely tied to social justice movements
Strength of Intersectionality
Functions not onlyas a theory but as a framework
Pushes public health practitioners to analyze disparities to reflect the lived experience of those with complex identities
Development of cost-effective and precise interventions
The incorporation of macro-level structural factors that facilitate the development of structural interventions
Challenges of Intersectionality
Which identities to include?
Methods to conduct intersectional research and statical techniques lacking
Intersectionality was developed to describe, not to predict or assess behaviors
Significant challenges in trying to figure out hypothesis testing
What percentage of white people benefited from loans from the FHA?
98%
Racial Covenants
Agreements written into deeds restricting the sales of property to certain groups (mostly, Black, Irish, and Jewish people)
Format for authors for AMA citations
Last name, first and middle initials.
Cut off is at 6, then place et al.
Format for year, volume, issue, pages
Year; volume number (issue): Page numbers.
Where does the citation mark go
OUTSIDE commas and periods
INSIDE colons and semi-colons
Racialization of Disease
A fluid practice where racial/ethnic identities are assigned to a behavior, relationship, social practice, new group, or disease
Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
Force that prohibited all new immigration of Chinese people to the US
Wong Chut Kin (San Fransico)
Lumberyard owner who died of plague resulting in armed police surrounding Chinatown not allowing anyone of Chinese descent in or out (white people could come and go freely)
What delayed the controlling of the plague?
The belief that Chinese people likely were responsible for plagues endemicity in California
Prevalence of diabetes of people of European origin in the US?
8%
Prevalence of diabetes for people in New Guinea living in an urban enviornment?
37%
The prevalence of diabetes for Native American in US Pima?
50%
Prevalence of diabetes for Black Africans/ African descent in the US?
13%
How many cases of Diabetes were had on the Pima reservation in 1902?
None. Currently, about 50% of those people do so after they lose their water resource
What are the two racial formation theories
Intersectionality
Racial Formation
Isolation Index
The probability that you will meet someone in your group
Interaction Index
The probability that you will meet someone from another group
Superfund
Locations polluted with hazardous materials.
Older areas of mass show race is highly related to the number of superfund sites
Risk Exposure Theory
In predominantly communities of color, a higher prevalence of social or environmental health risks leads to a higher prevalence of disease and death.
Weathering
The body exhibits chronic exposure to social, economic, and political exclusion arising from racial discrimination. Leading to premature aging.
Opium Exclusion Act 1909
First federal anti-drug law restricting opium processed for medicinal smoking by Chinese
Sexualiztation of the Opium Exclusion Act 1909
Concerns That Asian men were luring white Women with opium for sex
Harrison Act of 1914
Concern that inhaled cocaine was driving black people crazy banning heroin, opium, and cocaine
Adultification bias
Racial prejudice is where children of minority groups (mainly black children) are treated as adults or as more mature than they are.
Adultification Anger Bias
Black children being viewed as Angry in comparison
What are some things to consider with home insecurity
Private Space
Doors that lock
Immigration and Acculturation
Adoption of health behaviors of dominant culture
The Hispanic Paradox
Latinos have a lower all-cause mortality rate than non-Latino whites
Latinos are less likely to… (about health outcomes relating to behaviors)
Smoke
Drink Alcohol
Engage in Leisure time exercise
Latinos are more likely to… (about health outcomes relating to behaviors)
have a high BMI and diabetes
Culture hypothesis for the Hispanic Paradox (2 answers)
Social Networks (Some evidence)
Health Behaviors (Individualistic)
Migration hypothesis for the Hispanic Paradox
Health selection effect “The healthy migrant” (Some evidence)
Salmon reverse migration (Depends on SES and Immigration status)
What caused the Latino paradox
Mixed effects of social networks, health behaviors, the health selection effect, and Salmon reverse migration
Refugee
A person who has permission to come to the US from outside the country
(i.e. entertainment, concerts)
Asylee
A person who is already in the US when they apply for protection (People who are normally scared for their lives, but have to prove they are at risk to be persecuted)
What is the difference between undocumented migrant, a refugee, and an asylee?
Refugee: Receive permission to come to the US from outside the country
Asylee: Already in the US when s/he applies for protection
Undocument Migrant: Live in the US without a legal immigration status
What is the difference between illegal immigration and seeking asylum?
An illiegal immigrant is living within the US not seeking asylum.
An immigrant seeking asylum also lives in the US, but goes to the government seeking protecting from procecution.
Defense of necessity I
- An act used to avoid a significant risk of harm
- Inadequate lawful means to escape hard
- The harm avoided was greater than the law that was broken
- 4th provision that the harm must be imminent
Scott Warren
Defense of Necessity was not brought. He Brought up a religious defense stating that is why he had to put water in the desert. This defense was used in the same state as a man who wouldn’t make a cake for a gay wedding (against religious beliefs)
Structural Vioence
A way to describe social arrangements putting people in harms way. They are violent because they cause injury to people
The Marion Lockdown
States began to imitate the permanent lockdown model (Post closure of Alcatraz)
Average term in Solitary in California
6.8 Years
What amendment abolished slavery except for punishments in crime
The 13th Amendment
What would you do for prison reform?
Essay Question
- Separating at risk groups (LGBTQ+)
- Limiting timing in solitary confinement
- Tailed approach for individuals
What are the names of the 2 men who spent over 40 years in solitary confinement?
Herman Wallace
Albert Woodfox
The Latino Hypothesis for the Paradox is caused by
Mixed effects the hypotheses?
Hypotheses for the paradox; social networks
Some evidence; needs more research
Hypotheses for the paradox for health behaviors
It’s individualistic
Hypotheses for the paradox for the Health selection effect “Healthy Migrant”
Some evidence
Hypotheses for the paradox for the salmon reverse migration
Depends on SES and Immigration status
How do we end homelessness?
Rapid rehousing
Permanent supportive housing
