MIDTERM Flashcards
patterns of learned and shared behavior that are cumulative and transmitted across generations.
culture
- There are systematic and predictable ways of behavior or thinking across members of a culture.
Patterns
- It emerge from adapting, sharing, and storing cultural information. It can
be both similar and different across cultures.
Patterns
Behaviors, values, norms are acquired through a process
enculturation
Cultural knowledge is information that is
“stored” and then the learning grows across generations.
Cumulative
pagkatao is perhaps best rendered as
personhood.
For Enriquez (1979), a distinction should be made between the concepts of
“personality” and “pagkatao”
a mask which can be observed
from the outside.
“persona”
Passing of new knowledge and traditions of culture from one generation to the next, as well as across other cultures is cultural
transmission.
Transmission
asserts the shared humanity and the kapwa psychology of the Filipino
Pagkataong Pilipino
He ___________________ returned to the Philippines from Northwestern University, USA with a Ph.D. in Social Psychology and lost no time in introducing the concept of Sikolohiyang Pilipino (Filipino Psychology).
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez
two categories of kapwa:
the Ibang-Tao (outsider) and the Hindi-lbang-Tao (“‘one-of-us’).
They use culture to adapt and transform the world they live in and you should think of the word culture as a conceptual tool rather than as a uniform, static definition.
Humans
Core concept in Filipino psychology:
Kapwa
chairman of the Department of Psychology at the University of the Philippines (U.P.), _________________ ,
Enriquez embarked on a research into the historical and cultural roots of Philippine Psychology.
Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay
Culture generally changes for two reasons:
selective transmission or to meet changing needs.
an interdisciplinary study of how culture reflect and shape the mind and behavior of its members.
Cultural psychology
Enriquez defined kapwa as a recognition of
shared identity, an inner self shared with others.
uses culture to test the universality of psychological processes rather than for determining how cultural practices shape psychological processes.
Cross-cultural psychology
the one who would ask how the social practices of a particular set of cultures shape the development of cognitive processes in different ways
cultural psychologist
the scientific study of psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
Filipino psychology
involves tentative, exploratory and improvisatory behavior intended to avoid offending or hurting other people
(Mataragnon, 1987).
Pakikiramdam
Where was virgilio Gaspar
Enriquez born?
province of Bulacan, Philippines
considered the father of sikolohiyang Pilipino
Virgilio G. Enriquez
‘‘the study of diwa (‘psyche’), which in Filipino directly refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire range of psychological concepts from awareness to motives to behavior’’.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
[Bank] was trained by his father to speak the native tongue fluently since he was a child.
Virgilio Gaspar Enriquez
A person is often described as thoughtful and caring
high in pakikiramdam
It is based on assessing historical and socio- cultural realities, understanding the local language, unraveling Filipino characteristics and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino
Enriquez was formally initiated into psychology in [Blank] when
he started teaching at the [Blank]
1963, University of the Philippines (U.P.).
the movement is against a psychology that perpetuates colonial mentality and promotes the decolonization of the Filipino mind as a stage in the development of national consciousness.
Sikolohiya ng pagbabagong-isip or psychology of re-awakening
A person could be accused of being thoughtless and uncaring
Low in Pakikiramdam
As early as [Blank], he was using the Filipino language in
teaching.
1965
The linking sociopersonal value, predisposes a person to be attuned to the needs and purposes of the larger collective: the
society.
Kagandahang-Loob
In 1966, he left for the United States to pursue a Masters, then later a Doctoral degree in Psychology at [Blank]
Northwestern
University at Evanston, Illinois.
Enriquez returned to the Philippines in [Blank], bringing with him a wealth of Western knowledge which he did not impose on his Filipino colleagues and students.
1971
the movement is against a psychology used for the exploitation of the masses.
Sikolohiyang mapagpalaya or liberating psychology
Indigenous and Colonial ldentity of Filipinos
Some Supposedly Filipino National Values
Hiya (shame)
Pakikisama (yielding to the leader or the majority)
Utang na loob (debt of gratitude)
Amor propio (sensitivity to personal affront)
Bayanihan (togetherness in common effort)
This approach is based on the search of local equivalents for assumed universal psychological concepts or the contextualization of imported methods and techniques, and tools and instruments.
Indigenization from without
Virgilio established the [Blank] which later became the Philippine Psychology Research and Training House(PPRTH).
Philippine Psychology Research House (PPRH)
the practice of validating research through systematic
replication in multiple cultures.
Cultural Validation
formalizes Filipinos’ implicit psychological theories, knowledge, methods, and practices developed with the local culture as basis (local culture as source).
Indigenization from within
Some Regional Value
a complex combination of pride, honor, and shame
Maratabat
After his death, he was given a [Blank], the National Achievement in the Social Sciences Award (1997), by the National Research Council of the Philippines for outstanding contribution in the social sciences on a national level.
posthumous award
Virgilio established the Philippine Psychology Research House
(PPRH) which later became the
Philippine Psychology
Research and Training House (PPRTH).
Some Regional Value
(sharing of one’s fortune)
Balatu
Some Regional Value
(sharing of one’s fortune)
Balatu
Some Regional Value
(sharing surplus food)
Ilus
Some Regional Value
(meticulousness and attention to details)
Kakugi
Some Regional Value
(compassion)
Patugsiling
Ito ay tumatanggap ng iba’t-ibang panlapi upang makapagsaad ng iba’t-ibang kahulugan.
T: It accepts different suffixes to express different meanings.
“tao”
Some Regional Value
(empathy)
Kalulu
Some Regional Value
(generosity)
Hatag Gusto
ay angkop na konsepto bilang “personhood” o pagiging taong Pilipino.
T: is an appropriate concept as “personhood” or being a Filipino person.
“pagkatao”
Some Regional Value
(generosity)
Hatag Gusto
Ang banga ay may maroong?
labas, loob at ilalim.
Some Regional Value
(faithfulness in need or plenty)
Paghiliupod
Some Regional Value
(faithfulness in need or plenty)
Paghiliupod
Some Regional Value
(fidelity of one’s promises)
Pagsinabtanay
a set of values that are easily obvious, especially to the notice of outsiders (non-Filipinos).
Accommodative Surface Value
busog, matakaw, may bulate sa tiyan o
mapagkamkam.
“malaki ang tiyan”
gutom, mahirap o kulang sa kain.
“maliit o walang tiyan”
ay nangangahulugang buhay na punung-puno ng balakid. Ito’y naglalarawan ng kalagayan ng pagkatao.
“bitukang sala-salabid”
ay nangangahulugang di-mabuting
pakiramdam.
sikmurang masama
ay ngangahulugang hindi
matanggap ang isang bagay.
mahapding sikmura o nangangasim
isang tao kung natatanggap niya ang lahat
Malakas ang sikmura
Ang pag-aasawa sa mga Pilipino ay tinutukoy na
pag-iisang dibdib at hindi pag-iisang puso.
ay isang ekspresyon ng mga kabataan na ang ibig sabihin ay hindi matanggap subalit ang kahulugan nito’y mababaw kaysa hindi ko masikmura.
“hindi ko ma-take”
bahagi ng katawan na ginagamit na pagtantiya ng damdamin, pag-iisip, kilos at gawa ng ibang tao.
sikmura
Sa katutubong pamayanan, ang _____ ay ginagamit na panawas ng mambubunong upang matamo ang magiging kapalaran ng isang desisyon gaya halimbawa kung itutuloy ang pagdaraos ng pangangaso.
atay
“kaluluwa,” “ikaruruwa” o “inikaduwa” ay buhat sa salitang???
“duwa.”
batis ng buhay at ginhawa.
kaluluwa
Sa Benguet ay mayroon silang tinatawag na?
puun ti balay(ancestral house).
What are the 3 types of Accommodative Surface Value
- Hiya (Propriety)
- Utang na Loob (Gratitude/solidarity)
- Pakikisama (Companionship/esteem)
Ito’y uri ng ritwal na dapat gampanan pana- panahon ng mga kamag-anakan ng yumao. Upang maipatupad ito, mayroong lupang ipinamana na ang kita ay ginugugol sa paghahanda taun-taon.
chilos
Examples of Filipino Trait Concepts
- Utang na Loob
- Hiya
- Bahala na
- Pakikiramdam
- Sumpong
- Pakikipagkapwa
- Pakikisama
- Amor Propiro
are equally important to Filipinos when situations call for asserting one ‘ s individual rights
Confrontative Surface Value
submissive fatalism or determination in face of uncertainty
Bahala na
debts of gratitude or commitment to human
solidarity
Utang na loob
shame or moral dignity
Hiya
oversensitivity or personal dignity and honor
Amor propio
Personality Characteristics that have been cross- culturally investigated giving focus to cultural antecedents:
- Need for achievement
- Field Dependence
- Locus of control
- Depression
- Active- passive coping
- Oedipal experience
- Superego/ ego functioning
3 types of Confrontative Surface Value
Bahala na (Determination)
Sama/lakas ng loob (Resentment/guts)
Pakikibaka (Resistance)
- Characterized by economic activities, system of governance, and social differentiation that are elaborate, intricate and specialized.
- Produce degrees of cognitive complexity.
Complex Societies
- These are characterized by an ambiguity with respect to norms of behavior, and to
division of labor and status. - Members are overt and give in more frequently to outbursts of impulses.
Loose Societies
Levels and modes of social interaction have also been identified in 5 types
1)Pakikitungo: civility
2) Pakikisalamuha :act of mixing
3) Pakikilahok :act of joining
4) Pakikibagay:conformity
5) Pakikisama: being united with the group
- These are the systems that tightly regulate and restrict individual and social behavior
- Members engage more often in vicarious and fantasy expressions.
Tight Societies
defined as “Human self-consciousness”, “how the self perceives itself’, “observations of the self’, “experiences of the self‘.
Self
a view of a person who freely chooses his/her own course of actions since all ties that has bound him/her from the context of the community has been effectively broken.
liberal individualistic
Anong wika bihasa si Zeus A. Salazar
Espanyol, Pranses, Aleman, Ruso at Bahasa Melayu
Ang salitang _____________,o__________ o _________
hango sa salitang “duwa” na ibig sabihin ay “dalawa”
kaluluwa” o “ikaruruwa” o “inikaduwa” ay
Dalawang kalagayan ng kalululuwa
Tambalan ng kaluluwa at katawan
Pansariling kalagayan ng kaluluwa
- usually observed among those from individualist cultures where the person is socialized to be independent and unique.
- characterized by a focus on one’s’ own attributes and achievements.
independent self-construal
the self is observed among those who belong to collectivist cultures where the socialization of the individual is centered on the individual’s successful adjustment to his/her social relationships.
interdependent construal
the locus, identity, and continuity of the self was not to be found in the individual organism, rather an “outreaching identity” that connects the feelings, thoughts, and actions of one individual with those of others through the processes of semiotic communication
Charles Pierce’s theory of the self
Dalawang uri ng anito
Anito ng mga ninuno-anito ng ating mga namatay na ninuno
Anito na nagbabantay sa kalikasan -anito na tagapangalaga sa ating kapaligiran
This perspective posits that individuals come to understand their world through interactions wherein meanings are shared and symbols created
George Herbert Mead’s symbolic interactionist perspective
- This type of person does not try to attract undue attention through his/her manner of dressing.
- One can easily get along with him.
Ang Simpleng Tao
Pag wala ang kaluluwa sa katawan, maari itong pasukan ng ibang kaluluwa, ang tawag dito ay
“langkap”, “lapi”, o “sanib”
Pag wala ang kaluluwa sa katawan, maari itong pasukan ng ibang kaluluwa, ang tawag dito ay
“langkap”, “lapi”, o “sanib”
- This type of person possesses a goal in life. She acts towards the attainment of this goal. - - Patient, dedicated, persevering
Ang Taong Nagsusumikap
3 types of Pagkataong kontexto ng kaluluwa
Maganda/ Pangit na kaluluwa - pisikal na kaanyuan
Matuwid / haling na kaluluwa - pinagdaraanan ng kaluluwa
Dalisay / maitim na kaluluwa- pag uugali ng kaluluwa
This type of person is not easy to understand and he is likewise not easy to get along with. He rarely mixes around with others. Very few friends are all he has. He does not usually talk and is not one to readily share his feelings with others, except perhaps to a few chosen friends. He is usually quiet.
Ang Taong Tago ang Kalooban
feels indifferent to or uncomfortable with others
ilang
What is budhi
Ang budhi ang naghuhusga kung ano ang naganap na
does not attend to others around him
hindi namamansin
is self-conscious about his movements
de-numero ang galaw
Tatlong aspeto ng Budhi
- Pagsisisi
- Pag hingi ng kapatawaran
- Pagbayad sa anumang masamang nagawa
- This person expresses in a direct manner whatever is on her mind.
- One will be able to tell immediately from her actions whether she favors a person or not. One will also be able to guess right away what her feelings or thoughts are.
- She is also open to her feelings and current experiences in life.
Ang Taong Hayag ang Kalooban
- It is easy to make this type of person happy. - It is easy for this person to make others happy. One can easily approach him.
- He enjoys going out to have fun. He likes having and being with friends.
Ang Taong Masayahin
This type of person readily shares her time with others. She is generous and never stingy. She empathizes with the oppressed and with those who have lesser in life.
Ang Taong Nagmamalasakit
This type of person is loyal to his friends. He tries to maintain his relationship with them through constant communication. It pleases him to give support when needed. His loyalty is shown in his ability to keep secrets.
Ang Taong Matapat
- includes habits and behavior.
- Refers to the animated aspect of a person, encompassing their vitality, essence, and consciousness.
Diwa
describe a state of low energy or dispiritedness.
“nawawalan ng diwa” or lacking spirit/enthusiasm
- translates to soul of a people.
- Represents the soul or the spiritual aspect of a person.
- it generally signifies the continuation of a
person’s essence in a non-physical form.
Kaluluwa or psyche
acknowledge the belief in the continued existence of the kaluluwa.
“pagdalaw” (visiting the graves of deceased loved ones)
used to describe a situation where a deceased person’s spirit is believed to be unable to find peace.
“gumagalaw ang kaluluwa” (the soul is restless)
developed the framework Konsepto ng Pagkataong Pilipino as a way of understanding the complexities of Filipino identity and personhood.
Dr. Prospero Covar
This approach aims to move away from a purely Western-influenced psychological lens.
KONSEPTO NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO
The external, physical, and visible aspects of a person.
Labas (Outside)
The internal, psychological, and emotional landscape of the individual.
Loob (Inside)
This personalism is manifested in the tendency to give personal interpretations to actions and to “take things personally”.
Makatao/Kapwa Tao (personalism)
The deepest core of the self, encompassing the soul (kaluluwa), and conscience (budhi).
Lalim (Depth)
This personalism is manifested in the tendency to give personal interpretations to actions and to “take things personally”.
Makatao/Kapwa Tao (personalism)
It is there that we truly turn from idols to the living God
Loob Complex (Religious/Psychic Orienatation)
about social interaction, identity, and reputation.
“Mukha”
focuses on thoughts, feelings, and
intentions.
“Isipan”
It is there that we truly turn from idols to the living God
Loob Complex (Religious/Psychic Orienatation)
represents the outward
expression of emotions
“Dibdib”
is the true seat of emotions and
affective states.
“Puso”
symbolizes desires
“Tiyan”
refers to inner fortitude and moral courage.
“bituka”
relates to hunger
or satisfaction.
“Sikmura”
metaphorically represents underlying intent and dispositions of the person.
“Atay”
The inner moral compass, sense of right
and wrong.
Budhi (Conscience)
The intangible essence of a person, often
connected with the spiritual.
Kaluluwa (Soul)
Related to pakikiramdam or pakikipagkapwa tao.
Social Acceptance
The value of kapwa extends into the family unit, creating strong family ties, support systems, and an emphasis on filial piety.
Strong Family Bonds
Pakikiramdam, pakikisama, and hiya encourage Filipinos to act with sensitivity,
maintain harmonious relationships, and avoid direct confrontation.
Smooth Interpersonal Relationships:
Related to pakikiramdam or pakikipagkapwa tao.
Social Acceptance
The pivotal value of shared inner perception
Pakikiramdam
Social Flexibility
Pakikisama/Group Centeredness
they provide strength in the face of challenges, fostering adaptability and perseverance.
Resilience (Bahala Na, Lakas ng Loob)
Filipinos are known for their welcoming and hospitable nature, which stems from the value of pakikipagkapwa-tao – viewing others as fellow human beings.
Hospitality
The act of respectfully raising the hand of an elder to one’s forehead demonstrates utang na loob and karangalan.
Respect for elders (pagmamano):
gatherings for birthdays, holidays, and even ordinary meals reinforce family bonds and showcase the importance of kapwa within the family unit.
Family gatherings and celebrations
answers the question, “what is your own philosophy?”
Traditional
answers the question, “what is your own philosophy?”
Traditional
This practice embodies pakikisama and kapwa by involving the community in raising a neighbor’s house. It signifies collective effort, mutual support, and shared responsibility.
Bayanihan
These lively events, fueled by pakikisama, bring the community together through music, food, and shared experiences, fostering a sense of kababayan (being fellow countrymen).
Barangay (village) celebrations and festivals
These greetings reflect pakikipagkapwa-tao by showing respect and acknowledging others’ presence.
“Mano po” and “po/opo” (respectful greetings)
Filipinos are known for their elaborate feasts, showcasing utang na loob and pakikisama. Sharing food strengthens bonds and fosters a sense of community.
“Handaan” (feasts)
answers the question, “what is the people’s philosophical perspective?” or “what are the philosophical views of the people based on their socio-linguistic, cultural, and folk concepts or the like?”
Cultural
answers the question, “how do we classify a Filipino work on a western or eastern subject from the point of view of bibliography
writing?
National
Derived from the Spanish word “filosofo”
Negative and Positive of Philosophy
(1) a philosopher (positive)
(2) a sophist (negative)
Filipinos are known for their ability to adapt to challenging situations and find solutions using ingenuity (diskarte).
Adaptability and creativity (diskarte)
This holiday exemplifies Filipinos’ ability to cope with loss through pakikipagkapwa by remembering and celebrating deceased loved ones with family and friends.
“Araw ng Patay” (All Saints’ Day)
The term philosophy must be discussed on 2 different
levels
Academic
Popular or grassroots (ordinary) level
The term philosophy must be discussed on 2 different
levels
Academic
Popular or grassroots (ordinary) level
based on the belief that reason and faith are both necessary to achieve true knowledge.
Thomist School/Thomism
-Philosophy as reducing all arguments into mathematical language or symbolic logic.
Logico-Analytic School
free speech
Philosophy as an open market of ideas
This philosophy puts complete trust in the
Divine providence
Bahala na
Looks at life as a series of ups and downs
Gulong ng Palad (wheel of fortune)
Filipino does not rock the boat; he is willing to go along with the rest to preserve peace and assure smooth interpersonal relationships.
Pakikisama (SIR-smooth interpersonal relationship)
A Filipino will come to the aid of anyone who is in need of help
Bayanihan
There are favors and good deeds that can never be repaid in money, and the Filipino is beholden to anyone who does him these favors.
Utang na loob (internal debt)
A Filipino poet, critic, and dramatist.
National Artist of the Philippines
Recipient of Ramon Magsaysay Award for journalism,
literature, and creative communications. National book awards from the national book
foundation
Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards
Bienvenido Lumbera
Major works of Bienvenido Lumbera
Likhang Dila, Likwang Diwa, 1993
Sa Sariling Bayan, Apat na Dulang may Musika 2004
“Agunyas sa Hacienda Luisita,” Pakikiramay, 2004
Tales of the Manuvu and Rama Hari
7 Early Forms of Philippine Literature:
Bugtong - (riddles)
2. Salawikain - (proverb)
3. Pre-colonial poetry (tanaga) –
expresses a view or value of the
world
4. Ambahan – songs about
childhood or human relationships,
hospitality; sung by the Mangyan
5. Duplo (verbal jousts/games about
7 Early Forms of Philippine Literature:
- Bugtong - (riddles)
- Salawikain - (proverb)
- Pre-colonial poetry (tanaga) –
expresses a view or value of the
world - Ambahan – songs about
childhood or human relationships,
hospitality; sung by the Mangyan - Duplo (verbal jousts/games about
the dead) - Bayok (singing with thoughts
about love) - Balagtasan (performed on stage)
Choose a story, poem, novel, or folklore that
resonates with you or that you believe holds potential for revealing aspects of Filipino personality, values, and cultural understanding
Select a Filipino literary work
Briefly provide a synopsis of the plot,characters, and key events of the chosen work.
Summarize the story
Apply concepts and principles of Sikolohiyang Pilipino to your understanding of the work
Sikolohiyang Pilipino analysis
How are relationships and sense of community portrayed? Are there examples of damayan (mutual aid) or pakikisama (adjustment)?
Pakikipagkapwa
How do characters navigate concepts of shame, respect, and pride? Are there instances of hiya or amor propio influencing behavior?
Hiya and amor propio
Are there examples of debts of gratitude or social pressure shaping characters’ actions?
Utang na loob and pakikisama
How do characters perceive and interact with others? Is there an emphasis on shared identity and collective well-being?
Kapwa mentality
Do characters view themselves as having control over their lives or influenced by external forces?
Locus of control
How are Filipino values such as family, hospitality, and respect for elders reflected in the story?
Cultural values
