Midterm Flashcards
What demographic are most sex trafficking victims in the US?
Female foreign nationals
Name and describe the 7 different roles in human trafficking networks? (Need to know at least 5)
Recruiters: Responsible for identifying victims
Transporters: May physically bring victims to a new location, or may provide tickets or documentation needed for transit
Exploiters: Make the victim engage in the acts or services involved in various forms of trafficking
Supervisors: Maintain control of the victim in their living accommodations
Managers: Oversee the business aspect of trafficking
Primary Beneficiaries: Provide the funding for the trafficking operation and receive most of the profits
Johns: Individuals who purchase sex in a country where prostitution is legal
What are the different tiers of the TIP Report?
Tier 1
Tier 2
Tier 2 Watchlist
Tier 3
What is the 4P framework?
Prevention
Protection
Prosecution
Partnership
What are the different methods of granting citizenship?
Jus Sanguinis: determining citizenship is based on parents
Jus Soli: determining citizenship is based on where one was born
What are the issues of identifying trafficked victims?
Misidentification
Shame
Fear - of deportation or other repercussions of their actions
Corruption
General mistrust of the justice system
What is the TVPA?
Trafficking Victims Protection Act
Provided a definition for Human Trafficking
Uses the Action, Means, Protocol model
Mandated the creation of the TIP Office
Created the President’s Interagency Task Force
What are the 4 different types/philosophies towards prostitution?
German Model: Prostitution is regulated; Brothels are legal and regulated
Laissez-Faire Model: Prostitution is unregulated; Brothels and pimping are criminal
Swedish/Nordic: Prostitution is illegal; Purchasers punished
Prohibitionists Model: Prostitution is illegal; sex workers and purchasers can be punished
What are the 4 different regulation types of prostitution?
Criminalization
Abolition
Decriminalization
Legalization
What is the president’s role as it pertains to the TIP Report?
President has the power to impose foreign assistance restrictions on Tier 3 countries in the TIP Report
President has 90 days to impose these restrictions
What are the different models of criminal organization hierarchies?
Rigid Hierarchies: Single leader, clear hierarchy, clear control of certain area
Regional Hierarchies: Single leader, Line of command from center, Geographic distribution
Clustered Hierarchies: Multiple criminal groups, governing body, relatively rare
Core Criminal Group: Core group surrounded by loose network, limited number of individuals, small size
Organized Network: Defined by activities of key individuals, network will reform if a key individual leaves, personal loyalties more important
What are the most common sex trafficking venues?
Hotels/Motels (Most common)
brothels
strip clubs
truck stops
city streets
What are the MD laws against destroying documents?
Criminalized destroying, concealing, removing, confiscating, or possessing an actual or purported passport, immigration document, or government identification.
What are the requirements for Tier 1 of the TIP Report?
Fully meets TVPA’s minimum standards
What are the requirements for Tier 2 of the TIP Report?
Don’t fully make TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making a strong effort
What are the requirements for Tier 3 of the TIP Report?
Don’t meet TVPA’s standards and are not making an effort to improve.
Define sex trafficking.
Is when an individual involuntarily performs commercial sex acts under force, fraud, or coercion
Define sex tourism.
Traveling to a particular destination to purchase sex
Labor trafficking vs Unfair Labor Practices
Labor trafficking uses force, fraud, or coercion to make someone perform labor or a service
Unfair labor practice is when an employer financially exploits employees
Sex trafficking vs Prostitution
Prostitution is when an individual engages in sexual activity with another person in exchange for money
Sex trafficking requires some kind of evidence that the sex act was not consensual
Choice is the deciding factor
What are the human trafficking risk factors for youths?
Isolation
lack of resources
sexualization of children
Family conflict, disruption, or dysfunction
Child abuse
homelessness/running away
Child welfare system involvement
What is the relationship between globalization and trafficking?
Increase in demand for cheap goods and services
sex trade
traffickers take advantage of marginalized low skilled work force with promise of opportunity
Also assists anti-trafficking efforts
What is statelessness?
Not being a citizen of any country
What are the vacatur/criminal record relief laws?
Allows victims to vacate their conviction record for prostitution or other criminal activities they committed as a result of their involvement in sex trafficking
What are the Safe Harbor Laws?
Prevent child sex trafficking victims from facing prosecution for prostitution
Protect child sex trafficking victims by providing services such as safe housing, mental health care, access to education, etc.
Trafficking vs Smuggling
Trafficking does not require transport
Smuggling person is free to leave and usually cooperates
Trafficking includes forced labor, services, or commercial sex acts
What are the connections between drug addiction and child sex trafficking?
Drug addicted parents may sell their children for money or drugs
Drug addicted parents may not supervise their children
What is the law enforcement agency that is mainly in charge of human trafficking in the US?
President’s Interagency Task Force
What are the 6 themes typically found in safe harbor laws?
Collaboration and coordination of state entities and resources
Decriminalization and/or diversions for actions of trafficked youth
Funds for anti-trafficking efforts and survivor services
Provision of services for youth survivors
Increased penalties for traffickers of children
Training to respond and recognize trafficking crimes and its victims
What are the requirements for Tier 2 Watchlist of the TIP Report?
Do not fully meet TVPA minimum standards, are making significant effort, and for which:
number of victims is significant or significantly increasing
failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking
What is an H-2A Visa?
Temporary Agricultural workers
Permits individuals to work in temporary or seasonal agriculture jobs
What is an H-2B Visa?
Temporary Nonagricultural workers
Permits individuals to work in a diverse range of industries on a temporary or seasonal basis
What is a J-1 Visa?
Exchange Visitor Program
Permits individuals to participate in a diverse range of work and study exchange programs
What is an A-3 Visa?
Diplomats and foreign government officials
Permits entrance for up to 3 years for employees of diplomatic and diplomat-affiliated visa holders
What is a G-5 Visa?
Employee of international organization and NATO
Permits entrance for employees of individuals who work for international organizations
What is a B-1 Visa?
Temporary business visitors
Permits foreign nationals to enter the US for business on behalf of a foreign employer
