Midterm Flashcards
Label the efferent arteriole
Ang II mediated vasoconstriction is a regulatory mechanism that acts on:
efferent arteriole
Vasoreactive (myogenic) reflex acts on the:
afferent arteriole
Bilateral Pelvoureteral obstruction is an example of what type of renal failure?
Post- renal
Hypovolemia, decreased cardiac output, decreased effective circulating volume (CHF, Liver failure), impaired renal autoregulation, (NSAIDS, ACE1-ARB, & Cyclosporine) would all cause what type of renal failure?
pre-renal failure
What is NOT a risk factor for chronic kidney disease?
Dementia
Causes of chronic kidney diseases include:
- chronic glomerulonerphritis
- Systemic lupus erythmatosus
- Neoplasms
- Polycystic kidney disease
- AIDS nephropathy
- Diabetic nephropathy
Risk factors for chronic kidney disease include:
- Age (greater than or equal to 60)
- Smoking
- Obesity
- HTN (poorly controlled)
- DM
- Nephrotoxins/drugs
- Infections
- Low birth weight
- chronic inflammation
Results of RIGHT sided heart failure include:
- pulmonary edema
- coughing
- peripheral edema (arms + legs)
Results of LEFT sided heart failure:
- effects all organ systems
- decrease kidney function (leads to fluid retention)
- pulmonary edema
- coughing
Which ventricle typically fails first in heart failure?
left
What does the ejection fraction measure?
amount of blood pumped out / amount of blood in chamber
What is a normal ejection fraction?
55-70%
What is considered severely below normal in regards to EF?
Less than 35%
Reduced left ventricular EF:
systolic heart failure
Heart failure with NORMAL left ventricular EF:
diastolic heart failure
Signs of heart failure include:
- rapid, shallow breathing
- inspiratory rales (crackles)
- increased HR
- distended jugular veins
- peripheral edema
- ascites
- cyanosis
- weight gain
- clubbing of fingers
Symptoms of heart failure include:
- fatigue and weakness
- orthropnea (SOB in recumbent position)
- exercise intolerance
- muscle fatigue
- weight gain
- GI distress (nausea, constipation, vomiting)
Therapy for STAGE A heart failure:
ACE inhibitor or ARB
Therapy for STAGE B heart failure:
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and Beta Blockers
Therapy for STAGE C heart failure:
ACE inhibitors, Beta blocker, Diuretics for fluid retention
LVAD is considered:
intermediate therapy
Signs of valvular heart disease include:
- murmurs
- syncope
- HF
- SOB
Symptoms of valvular heart disease include:
- HF
- exercise intolerance
- SOB
Procedures that do NOT require antibiotic prophylaxis with IE:
- anesthetic injection
- radiographic imaging
- placement of removable prosthodontic prosthesis
- placement of removable ortho appliances & brackets
- exfoliation of primary dentition
- bleeding of lip or oral mucosa trauma
- simple impressions
- optical scans
What is the antibiotic of choice for infective endocarditis if a patient is allergic to PCN?
Azithromycin (or clindamycin)
What is NOT approved by the AHA for antibiotic prophylaxis?
Cephalexin
What do you give patient allergic to PCN to take orally?
Azithromycin (clindamycin)
Example of a reaction with a true allergy:
rash
itching
angioedema
Chest pain at rest:
unstable angina
Role of the macula densa:
glomerular BP
What organ system is responsible for finger clubbing?
cardiovascular
Which of the following shows immunity for hep B?
anti-Hbs
Endocrine etiology of secondary hypertension?
increased catecholamines
What is produced in the adrenal cortex?
cortisol, androgens, aldosterone
Norepinephrine is produced in the:
medulla (catecholamines produced in the adrenal medulla)
Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with:
asterixis
What causes the poor wound healing seen in diabetics/
impaired angiogenesis & cytokines
Microvascular changes:
blindness & bladder probs
