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MIDTERM Flashcards

1
Q

Which may be defined as an established set of ongoing measurements and analyses designed to ensure that the performance of a procedure or instrument is within a predefined acceptable range, is thus a critical component of routine nuclear medicine practice.

A

Quality control (QC)

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2
Q

Quality control (QC), which may be defined as an established set of WHAT

A

ongoing measurements and analyses designed to ensure that the performance of a procedure or instrument is within a predefined acceptable range

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3
Q

It is now widely recognized that the attainment of high standards of efficiency and reliability in the practice of nuclear medicine, as in other specialities based on advanced technology

A

QUALITY ASSURANCE AND QUALITY CONTROL IN NUCLEAR MEDICINE

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4
Q

expresses the closeness with which the outcome of a given procedure approaches some ideal, free from all errors and artefacts.

A

“quality assurance”

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5
Q

embraces all efforts made to this end.

A

Quality assurance

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6
Q

is used in reference to the. specific measures taken to ensure that one particular aspect of the procedure is satisfactory.

A

“quality control”

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7
Q

should cover all aspects of clinical practice.

A

quality assurance in nuclear medicine

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8
Q

is necessary in the submission of requests for procedures; the preparation and dispensing of radiopharmaceuticals

A

quality control

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9
Q

is undertaken to ensure that the performance of an instrument meets the technical and performance specifications quoted by the manufacturer. It should be carried out immediately after installation so that the supplier can be informed of any damage, deficiencies or flaws before the warranty has expired.

A

Acceptance testing

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10
Q

Acceptance testing is undertaken to ensure that the performance of an instrument meets the technical and performance specifications quoted by the manufacturer. It should be carried out immediately after installation so that the supplier can be informed of any damage, deficiencies or flaws before or after? the warranty has expired.

A

before

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11
Q

A fundamental principle in the quality control of nuclear medicine instruments is that it should be undertaken as an integral part of the work of the nuclear medicine unit and by

A

members of the unit staff themselves.

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12
Q

A fundamental principle in the quality control of nuclear medicine instruments is that it should be undertaken as an integral part of the work of the nuclear medicine unit and by members of the unit staff themselves. However, some aspects must be treated in collaboration with

A

maintenance staff.

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13
Q

The quality control of each instrument should have as what itself since instruments may differ widely in their performance.

A

starting-point the selection and acquisition of the instrument

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14
Q

an instrument should be submitted to a series of acceptance tests designed to establish whether its initial performance conforms with the manufacturer’s specifications.

A

Once received and installed

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15
Q

Once received and installed, an instrument should be submitted to a series of acceptance tests designed to establish whether its what

A

its initial performance conforms with the manufacturer’s specifications.

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16
Q

At the same time, reference tests should be what? against which its subsequent performance can be assessed by routine testing weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly etc.

A

carried out to provide data

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17
Q

At the same time, reference tests should be carried out to provide data against which its subsequent performance can be assessed by routine testing every what

A

weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly etc.

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18
Q

it should be carried out each day the instrument is used, should be put in force. Careful records of the results of all these tests should be kept and, if these reveal unsatisfactory performance.

A

operational checks

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19
Q

operational checks, carried out each day the instrument is used, should be put in force. Careful records of the results of all these tests should be kept and, if these what

A

reveal unsatisfactory performance.

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20
Q

operational checks, carried out each day the instrument is used, should be put in force. T OR F
ITS SHOULD BE Careful records of the results of all these tests should be kept and, if these reveal unsatisfactory performance?

A

true

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21
Q

T OR F. The selection of an instrument with respect to manufacturer, model etc. should be based not only on its suitability for the particular procedures to be carried out, as judged from its technical specifications, but also on such considerations as its ease, reliability and safety in operation, its compatibility with other instruments, the facilities and personnel available for its maintenance and the supply of spare parts.

A

true

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22
Q

T OR F. The selection of an instrument with respect to manufacturer, model etc. should be based only on its suitability for the particular procedures to be carried out, as judged from its technical specifications, but also on such considerations as its ease, reliability and safety in operation, its compatibility with other instruments, the facilities and personnel available for its maintenance and the supply of spare parts.

A

false, The selection of an instrument with respect to manufacturer, model etc. should be based NOTonly on its suitability for the particular procedures to be carried out, as judged from its technical specifications, but also on such considerations as its ease, reliability and safety in operation, its compatibility with other instruments, the facilities and personnel available for its maintenance and the supply of spare parts.

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22
Q

The selection of an instrument with respect to manufacturer, model etc. should be based not only on its suitability for the particular procedures to be carried out, as judged from WHAT?, the facilities and personnel available for its maintenance and the supply of spare parts.

A

its technical specifications, but also on such considerations as its ease, reliability and safety in operation, its compatibility with other instruments

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23
Q

The selection of an instrument with respect to manufacturer, model etc. should be based not only on its suitability for the particular procedures to be carried out, as judged from its technical specifications, but also on such considerations as its ease, reliability and safety in operation, its compatibility with other instruments, the facilities and personnel available for WHAT

A

its maintenance and the supply of spare parts.

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24
Q

is a critical step towards the achievement of high quality performance, and should be subject to correspondingly careful testing.

A

The acceptance of an instrument following its receipt and installation

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25
Q

The major maintenance procedures carried out on an instrument by WHO???

A

maintenance staff or the manufacturer’s agent

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26
Q

The major maintenance procedures carried out on an instrument by maintenance staff or the manufacturer’s agent and WHAT by the staff of the nuclear medicine unit should be seen as complementary to each other.

A

its quality control and simple maintenance

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27
Q

The major maintenance procedures carried out on an instrument by maintenance staff or the manufacturer’s agent and its quality control and simple maintenance by the staff of the nuclear medicine unit should be seen as WHAT

A

as complementary to each other.

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28
Q

are intended to put an instrument into the best possible working condition, but they cannot guarantee that it remains so, nor that it is used correctly in a given procedure.

A

Maintenance procedures are intended to put an instrument into the best possible working condition, but they cannot guarantee that it remains so, nor that it is used correctly in a given procedure.

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29
Q

T OR F. Maintenance procedures are intended to put an instrument into the best possible working condition, but they can guarantee that it remains so, nor that it is used correctly in a given procedure.

A

FALSE, Maintenance procedures are intended to put an instrument into the best possible working condition, but they CANNOT guarantee that it remains so, nor that it is used correctly in a given procedure.

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30
Q

The sections that follow contain recommended schedules and protocols for acceptance and routine testing of different classes of instruments ARE:

A

radionuclide “dose” calibrators (activity meters)

counting systems for gamma- radiation measurements in vitro

counting system for gamma-radiation measurements in vivo

rectilinear scanners and scintillation cameras

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31
Q

T OR F. Maintenance procedures are intended to put an instrument into the best possible working condition, but they cannot guarantee that it remains so, nor that it is used correctly in a given procedure.

A

TRUE

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32
Q

WHO is competent in doing the technical job

A

The operator

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33
Q

Nuclear medicine uses radioactive materials called

A

radiopharmaceuticals or radiotracers.

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34
Q

In many nuclear medicine studies, it is necessary to follow WHAT? of a radiotracer over an extended period.

A

the uptake and clearance

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35
Q

In many nuclear medicine studies, it is necessary to follow the uptake and clearance of a radiotracer over WHAT

A

an extended period.

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36
Q

In many nuclear medicine studies, it is necessary to follow the uptake and clearance of a radiotracer over an extended period. This is often accomplished by acquiring a sequence of images, referred to as WHAT

A

a dynamic study

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37
Q

In nuclear medicine, computer-based image- processing techniques are

A

especially flexible and powerful.

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38
Q

In nuclear medicine, IT IS especially flexible and powerful TECHNIQUE

A

computer-based image- processing techniques

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39
Q

In nuclear medicine, computer-based image- processing techniques are especially flexible and powerful. In addition to performing basic image manipulations for

A

for edge sharpening, contrast enhancement, and SO forth,

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40
Q

have a variety of other uses that are essential for modern nuclear medicine

A

computer-based techniques

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40
Q

is used to study organ and tissue function.

A

Nuclear imaging

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41
Q

is used during the procedure to assist in the exam.

A

A tiny amount of a radioactive substance

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42
Q

The radioactive substance, called WHAT, is absorbed by body tissue.

A

a radionuclide (radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer)

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43
Q

are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.

A

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography or SPECT and Positron Emission Tomography or PET scans

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44
Q

Examples of diseases treated with nuclear medicine procedures are

A

hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, lymphomas, and bone pain from some types of cancer.

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45
Q

The amount of radioactive materials used in WHAT depends on the needs of the person and range from a small amount to a large amount.

A

diagnosing illnesses

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46
Q

The amount of radioactive materials used in diagnosing illnesses depends on WHAT.

A

The needs of the person and range from a small amount to a large amount.

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47
Q

is an imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues and organs. It may be used to help diagnose seizures, stroke, stress fractures, infections, and tumors in the spine.

A

A single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan

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48
Q

WHAT TECHNIQUE show the physiological function of the tissue or organ being investigated

A

nuclear imaging techniques

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49
Q

WHAT MODALITIES show diagnostic tests and other imaging modalities

A

computed tomography (CT scan) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scans)

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50
Q

radioisotopes bound to biological molecules able to target specific organs, tissues or cells within the human body.

A

Radiopharmaceuticals

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51
Q

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioisotopes bound to biological molecules able to target specific organs, tissues or cells within the human body. These radioactive drugs can be used for WHAT

A

the diagnosis and, increasingly, for the therapy of diseases.

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52
Q

uses small amounts of radiation to create pictures of tissues, bones, and organs inside the body.

A

nuclear medicine scan

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53
Q

collects in certain areas of your body, and special cameras find the radiation and make images that help your medical team diagnose and treat cancer and other illnesses.

A

The radioactive material

54
Q

As a result, nuclear medicine and imaging procedures are considered AS

A

non-invasive and relatively safe.

55
Q

As a result, nuclear medicine and imaging procedures are considered non-invasive and relatively safe. Their effectiveness in diagnosing disease means that the benefits WHAT

A

normally outweigh the risks.

56
Q

Treatment with nuclear medicine involves

A

larger doses of radioactive material.

57
Q

An enhanced form of X-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss or density.

A

Bone density scan.

58
Q

An evaluation of the blood flow (perfusion) to the walls of your heart using a high resolution PET scanner.

A

Cardiac PET perfusion.

59
Q

Types of nuclear imaging include:

A

Bone density scan.

Cardiac PET perfusion.

Cardiac PET sarcoid

60
Q

concerns the transfer of energy from the charged particles to the material through which they travel.

A

interaction of charged particles with matter

61
Q

which have no charge, interact very differently

A

Photons and neutrons

62
Q

are made up of smaller subatomic particles.

A

Protons and neutrons

63
Q

When protons or neutrons get close enough to each other, they exchange particles (also know as)

A

mesons

64
Q

Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller subatomic particles. When protons or neutrons get close enough to each other, they exchange particles (mesons), which is

A

binding them together

65
Q

Although the strong force overcomes electrostatic repulsion, the protons what

A

protons do repel each other.

66
Q

that make up the nucleus of an atom are bound to each other and undergo reactions via the two nuclear forces.

A

Neutrons and protons

67
Q

Neutrons and protons that make up the nucleus of an atom are bound to each other and undergo reactions via the two nuclear forces. If two atoms are too far apart, their interaction is

A

too weak compared to other surrounding bodies to amount to anything

68
Q

t or f. But a proton and an electron attract each other.

A

true

69
Q

t or f. But a proton and an electron are not attract each other.

A

galse, they do attract to each other

70
Q

Another way of saying this is that the same or “like” charges what

A

repel one another

71
Q

opposite charges are what

A

attract one another.

72
Q

Since opposite charges attract each other, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the

A

positively charged protons

73
Q

Since opposite charges attract each other, what are attracted to the positively charged protons

A

the negatively charged electrons

74
Q

consist of protons and neutrons.

A

Nuclei

75
Q

Since charges of the same sign repel

A

protons mutually repel each other.

76
Q

that is due to the same electric what force that allows them to attract electrons.

A

Coulomb force

77
Q

By itself, between the protons in a nucleus would cause the nucleus to fly apart immediately

A

Coulomb force

78
Q

RADIATION DETECTION SYSTEM

A

IONIZATION DETECTOR

Geiger-Müller detector

extremity and area monitor

dose calibrator

well counter

thyroid uptake probe

Anger scintillation camera

positron emission tomographic scanner

solid-state personnel dosimeter

intraoperative probe

79
Q

is an electronic instrument used for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation. It is widely used in applications such as radiation dosimetry, radiological protection, experimental physics and the nuclear industry.

A

Geiger counter/GEIGER MULLER COUNTER

80
Q

are handheld, very sensitive, inexpensive survey instruments used primarily to detect small amounts of radioactive contamination. The detector is usually pancake shaped, although it may also be cylindrical

A

Geiger-Mueller (GM) counters

81
Q

Geiger-Mueller (GM) counters are handheld, very sensitive, inexpensive survey instruments used primarily to detect small amounts of radioactive contamination. The detector is usually shaped LIKE WHAT, although it may also be cylindrical

A

pancake shaped

82
Q

are normally read in terms of “counts per minute” or the number of ion pairs created every 60 seconds. Every time an ion pair forms, a click is heard. Count the number of clicks to know the amount of radiation entering

A

Geiger counters

82
Q

Geiger-Mueller (GM) counters are handheld, very sensitive, inexpensive survey instruments used primarily to detect small amounts of radioactive contamination. The detector is usually pancake shaped, although it may also be WHAT?

A

cylindrical

83
Q

Geiger counters are normally read in terms of WHAT Every time an ion pair forms, a click is heard. Count the number of clicks to know the amount of radiation entering the Geiger counter chamber

A

“counts per minute” or the number of ion pairs created every 60 seconds

84
Q

Geiger counters are normally read in terms of “counts per minute” or the number of ion pairs created every 60 seconds. WHAT HAPPEN WHEN YOU, click is heard. Count the number of clicks to know the amount of radiation entering the Geiger counter chamber

A

Every time an ion pair forms

85
Q

Geiger counters are normally read in terms of “counts per minute” or the number of ion pairs created every 60 seconds. Every time an ion pair forms, WHAT DO YOU heard? Count the number of clicks to know the amount of radiation entering the Geiger counter chamber

A

a click

86
Q

Geiger counters are normally read in terms of “counts per minute” or the number of ion pairs created every 60 seconds. Every time an ion pair forms, a click is heard. Count the number of clicks to know WHAT

A

the amount of radiation entering the Geiger counter chamber

87
Q

are used for the determination of the high- energy part of the X-ray spectrum.

A

Scintillation detectors

88
Q

is excited to luminescence (emission of visible or near-visible light photons) by the absorbed photons or particles.

A

In scintillation detectors the material of the detector

89
Q

In scintillation detectors the material of the detector is

A

excited to luminescence (emission of visible or near-visible light photons) by the absorbed photons or particles.

90
Q

detect radiation by measuring the amount of light produced in special crystalline materials by the ionizing radiation.

A

Scintillation (light) detectors

91
Q

Scintillation (light) detectors detect radiation by measuring the amount of light produced in special crystalline materials by the ionizing radiation. The most common material used is

A

sodium iodine (Nal)

92
Q

are extremely sensitive and detect background radiation easily.

A

Nal detectors

93
Q

In general, the more energy the original gamma ray had,

A

the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce.

94
Q

In general, the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce.

A

the more energy the original gamma ray had, the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce.

95
Q

In general, the more energy the original gamma ray had, the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce. This means WHAT must be calibrated with gamma rays of a number of known energies before it can be used to measure the energy spectrum of an unknown sample.

A

scintillation detector

96
Q

In general, the more energy the original gamma ray had, the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce. This means that the scintillation detector must be calibrated with WHAT before it can be used to measure the energy spectrum of an unknown sample.

A

gamma rays of a number of known energies

97
Q

In general, the more energy the original gamma ray had, the larger the voltage pulse that the PMT will produce. This means that the scintillation detector must be calibrated with gamma rays of a number of known energies before it can be used to WHAT

A

used to measure the energy spectrum of an unknown sample.

98
Q

are radiation detectors which employs a semiconductor material as the detecting medium.

A

Solid-state semiconductor detectors

99
Q

Solid-state semiconductor detectors are radiation detectors which employs a semiconductor material as the detecting medium. These detectors produce BY WHAT

A

pulse of electric current by means of pairs of charge carriers, electrons and holes

100
Q

Solid-state semiconductor detectors are radiation detectors which employs a semiconductor material as the detecting medium. These detectors produce pulse of electric current by means of pairs of charge carriers, electrons and holes, generated when the detectors come inWHAT

A

IN contact with ionizing radiation.

101
Q

TYPES OF SOLID STATE - SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS

A

Silicon detectors
Diamond detectors
Germanium detectors
Cadmium telluride and cadmium zinc telluride detectors

102
Q

solid-state detector, also called

A

Semiconductor Radiation Detector

103
Q

radiation detector in which a semiconductor material such as a silicon or germanium crystal constitutes the detecting medium.

A

solid-state detector, also called Semiconductor Radiation Detector

104
Q

interacting with various nuclei, initiate the release of one or more charged particles.

A

The process of neutron detection begins when neutrons OR NEUTRON DETECTORS

104
Q

Two basic types of neutron interactions with matter are available.

A

Elastic scattering
Inelastic scattering

104
Q

solid-state detector, also called Semiconductor Radiation Detector, radiation detector in which a semiconductor material such as WHAT

A

such as a silicon or germanium crystal constitutes the detecting medium.

104
Q

contains a small bit of radioactive material that sits between two plates with electrical charges

A

ionization smoke detector

105
Q

is repel because they are the same object of force, attraction of electron

A

Proton

105
Q

must rely upon a conversion process where an incident neutron interacts with a nucleus to produce a secondary charged particle.

A

neutron detectors

105
Q

This means that neutron detectors must rely upon a conversion process where an incident neutron interacts with a nucleus to produce a secondary charged particle. These charged particles are then directly detected and from them the presence of neutrons is WHAT.

A

deduced.

105
Q

An ionization smoke detector contains a small bit of radioactive material that sits between two plates with electrical charges; the charge ionizes the air and causes WHAT

A

a current to move between the plates.

105
Q

It belong to a class of detectors called.

A

IONIZATION DETECTORS.

105
Q

An ionization smoke detector contains a small bit of radioactive material that sits between two plates with electrical charges; the charge ionizes the air and causes a current to move between the plates. If smoke enters this chamber, the ion flow is WHAT

A

disrupted and the alarm sounds.

105
Q

These detectors respond to radiation by means of ionization-induced electrical currents.

A

IONIZATION DETECTORS OR GAS FILLED DETECTORS

106
Q

For Biliary tract blockage what radiopharmaceutical drug is needed

A

Technetium 99 M

107
Q

For Abscess and infection what radiotracer is needed

A

Gallium Citrate 67

108
Q

For bone diseases what radiotracer is highly recommended

A

Sodium Fluoride 18

109
Q

For a Bone marrow diseases what is the suggested radiopharmaceutical drug

A

Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid

110
Q

For Liver diseases the most chosen radiotracer drug is

A

Fludeoxyglucose F 18

110
Q

For Cancer; tumors patients this radiotracer is usually chosen by the experts

A

Indium In 111 Pentetreotide

110
Q

For patient suffering from heart diseases Cardiologist are prioritizing this radioactive materials

A

Fludeoxyglucose F 18

111
Q

For Kidney diseases what is the suggested radiotracer drug?

A

Technetium Tc 99m Gluceptate

112
Q

For a thyroid diseases this is to be chosen as a radiotracer?

A

Radioiodinated Iobenguane

113
Q

For a Heart muscle damage (infarct) what is best radiopharmaceutical drugs

A

Technetium Tc 99m Pyrophosphate

114
Q

these are radioactive chemical sor pharmaceutics preparations, labeled with a radionuclide in tracer or therapeutic concentration.

A

Radioactive materials

114
Q

a drug that contains a radioactive substance and is used to diagnose or treat disease, including cancer.

A

Radiotracer

114
Q

these are radioisotopes bound to biological molecules able to target specific organs, tissues or cells within the human body.

A

Radiophramaceuticals Drugs

115
Q

it is a functional imaging technique that uses radioactive substances known as radiotracers to visualize and measure changes in metabolic processes, and in other physiological activities including blood flow, regional chemical composition, and absorption.

A

PET

116
Q

it is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your tissues and organs.

A

PET

117
Q

it is a scan can find abnormal activity and it can be more sensitive than ither imaging tests.

A

PET

118
Q

it is the radiation emitted from a radiophramaceuticals injected intravenously into a patient is registered by external detectors positioned at different orientations.

A

PET

119
Q

it is a nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique using gamma rays.

A

SPECT

120
Q

it is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a gamma camera, but is able to provide true 3D information.

A

SPECT

121
Q

it is more flexible tool, because innovative tracers are more easily synthesized.

A

PET

nucmed (2 decks)

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