midterm Flashcards
self-regulated learning: what is it and how
ability to understand and control learning environment
- goal-setting, self-monitoring, self-regulatioin
cognition
critical thinking
- identifying sources, reflecting on consistency with prior knowledge
metacognition
declarative knowledge
- knowledge about yourself as a learner, factors influencing performance
motivation
self-efficacy, beliefs about origin/nature of knowledge
inference vs. assumption
inference: intellectual act, concludes something is true in light of something else seeming to be true
assumption: taken for granted, something we learn and do not question
elements of scientific thought
purpose/goal, question, info (data, facts, observations), interpretations/inferences, concepts (theories, laws, principles), assumptions, implications, consequences, POV
POV in science
what pov are you using, should you look from another
Deductive reasoning
Starts w/ statement/hypothesis, examines possibilities to reach specific conclusion
Inductive reasoning
starts w/ observations, forms generalizations
p-value
probability of making a type 1 error (rejecting null when it’s actually true)
- null: things are the same
parametric vs. non-parametric
non-parametric used when
- definite outliers
- not normally distributed
- ranked data
- unequal variance
linear regression
used when in/dependent variables are known
correlation test
used when there’s a known, unspecified relationship
unpaired test
data in groups are independent of each other
paired test
data in groups are related somehow
t-test
comparing means of 2 groups
ANOVA
3 groups or more
bucket theory
perceptions and experiencers formulate knowledge
searchlight theory
using observations: planned and prepared
looking instead of seeing
idea abt world leads us to obtain knowledge
kuhn: paradigm shift
open new approaches to understanding new things
- scientific truths can’t be defined by objective criteria, but by consensus of scientific community
requirements of successful scientists
good intelligence, internal drive, willingness to work hard, tenacity of purpose, imagination
scientific creativity: related traits
math skills, imagination/visualization, musical talent
plagiarism definition
steal/copy another’s work and pass it off as your own without giving
cultural differences plagiarism
middle east: not expected to cite, citing is offensive to superiors
plagiarism commonality in science
~30% of scientists report witnessing plagiarism
authorship requirements
substantive intellectual contributions
- involvement in study design, data collection, analysis
- drafting, revising, approving
- accuracy of research
honorary authorship
lack of substantial contributions
- guest: adding well-known name or academic name
- gift: respect/gratitude (adding senior researcher, dept. head)
ghost authorship
contribution without acknowledgement
- hide industry backing
authorship issues
order of authors
self-plagiarism
pseudoscience
private opinions, no basic knowledge, no testing
goal: to influence ppl/events
protoscience
careful but aimless measurement
no knowledge of mechanisms
falsifiability is unimportant
goal: discover something in data
science
directed observation, knowledge of mechanisms, testable & falsifiable hypotheses, reproduibility
goal: to explain the nature of reality to learners
