MIDTERM Flashcards
BASIC RESEARCH
- increase knowledge
- Biological, physical or social world
- Might shed light on a religious or phenomenon
- Develop and test:
· Theories
· Methods
· Procedures/techniques - Advance our theoretical understanding
APPLIED RESEARCH
- Solve a problem
- Apply methods and theories to real world problems
- Inform decision making
DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES (3)
- OBSERVATIONAL
- Things we see around us
- Ex: ethnography
- CASE STUDY
- Describes what is happening at that moment, “how many people have hats on in class today” BECAUSE things will constantly change
- Ex: cross- sectional - SURVEY METHOD
- Opinion polls
CORRELATIONAL STUDIES
- Explores relationships between variables
- The what…
- Not cause and effect
POSITIVE CORRELATION
- ALL dots are moving up
- One influences the other
NEGATIVE CORRELATION
- ALL dots are going down
- One influences the other
EXPLORATORY STUDIES
- Examine and explain relationships between variables
- Can ask questions, and ask why the nature of that happens
THE RESEARCH PROCESS
- RESEARCH IDEA
- LITERATURE REVIEW
- HYPOTHESIS FORMUATION
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- DATA COLLECTION
- DATA ANALYSIS
- DISSEMINATION OF RESULTS
QUANTITATIVE EQUATION
Theory
I
Hypothesis (GOING DOWN)
I
Observation
I
Confirmation
QUALITATIVE EQUATION
THEORY
^
HYPOTHESIS (GOING UP)
^
PATTERN
^
OBSERVATION
QUAN
- OBJECTIVE
- Aim: causation or explain what is observed
- Narrow focus but draws info from larger sample
- Data: numbers and statistics
- Analysis: uses statistics and charts and discusses how to get hypothesis
QUAL
- SUBJECTIVE
- Design emerges as the study unfolds
- Broad focus but collects info from smaller sample
- Data: words, pictures or objects
- Analysis: themes emerge through narrative descriptions and observations
MIXED METHODS
ADVANTAGE
- Holistic
- Verification of results (triangulation: we get all of the benefits form both)
- How, why and why
- Combines strengths of both to improve depth and accuracy
DISADVANTAGE
- More time
- More resources
- More participants
- Data disagreements
4 P’S OF HYPOTHESIS REVIEW
- PEOPLE
- PROBLEMS
- PHENONMENON
- POLICIES
HYPOTHESIS
- Statement that expresses a possible relationship between variables or phenomena
- Based on existing knowledge, theory, or observation
- More of a statement, generally known
- This is connected with this
RESEARCH QUESTION
- Question that seeks to explore or explain as aspect of your topic
- Does not make any assumption or claims
- Are street youth more likely to be stopped and searched by police than high school students?
IDENTIFYING VARIBALES
- CONCEPT VS VARIABLE
- TYPES OF VARIABLES
- TYPES OF MEASUREMENT SCALES
CONCEPT
- IDEAS, IMPRESSIONS, OBSERVATIONS
- SUBJECTIVE
VARIABLES
- MEASURABLE AND RELATE TO CONCEPT
- OBJECTIVE
CONCEPTUAL FORM OF HYPOTH
Study —————–> academic performance
How can I measure that??
OPERATIONAL FORM OF HYPOTH
of hours studying —————-> exam results
SOMETHING YOU CAN MEASURE
INDIRECT MEASURES
- HAPPINESS, SATISFACTION
DIRECT MEASURES
- GPA, BODY WEIGHT
INTERVENING + EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES
CATEGORICAL (QUAL) UOM
- NOMINAL (name: gender, male/female, trans etc)
- ORDINAL (rank order, < vs >: attitudes, agree, neutral disagree)
CONTINUOUS (QUAN) UOM
- INTERVAL (diff bt units, diff meaningful, not true 0: thermometer, weather degrees)
- RATIO SCALES (same as interval absolute 0: meter stick, measuring tape)
ATRRIBUTES VS VARIABLES
VARIABLE: observation/ entity that can take on diff values
ATTRIBUTE: specific value of variable; cheese on the pizza
VARIABLES SHOULD BE:
- EXHAUSTIVE: include all possible answers
- MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE: shouldn’t be able to choose 2 things at a time
LITERATURE REVIEW
- An account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and researchers
- Synthesis and evaluation of literature
HOW DO WE DO A LIT REVIEW (3)
Conceptualize
* - Use RQ/topic as a guide
* - Discipline or subject area (sociology, criminology/legal studies, social work, etc)
* Locate * - One of the best places to find resources... * - Reference list of articles you are examining * Selection and rejection - Asses the overall quality of the reference
?WHAT IS ETHICS
- principles
- set of guidelines that reflect human behaviour
