Midterm Flashcards
A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
health
A. A group of people who have common characteristics
1. Can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
B. Characterized by
1. Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
community
shades of skin, biological features
race
cultural beliefs
ethnicity
actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur, most inclusive term
public health
health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
community health
takes a broader perspective, looking at the health outcomes of an entire population, which can include diverse communities and individuals
population health
health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries (the world)
global health
Individual actions and decision making that affect the health of an individual or his or her immediate family members
Personal health activities
Activities aimed at protecting or improving the health of a population or community
Community/public health activities
3 classifications based on funding sources, responsibilities, and organizational structure
Governmental
Quasi-governmental
Nongovernmental
most widely recognized international governmental health organization
World Health Organizations (WHO)
study of distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems
epidemiology
one who practices epidemiology
epidemiologist
disease that occurs at an expected level in a population or in a certain location
endemic
similar to an epidemic except that it is used for more limited geographical areas
outbreak
unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or event in a particular population
epidemic
outbreak over wide geographical area
pandemic
Found cholera outbreak in London; Used mapping and analytic sources to find the source of the outbreak
John Snow
allow for comparison of outbreaks at different times or in different places
rates
those susceptible to particular disease or condition
population at risk
people afflicted (those who are sick)
cases
Number of new health-related events or cases of a disease, divided by population at risk
incidence rate
Number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by the total number in that population
prevalence rate
Diseases of local public health concern; designated by states
reportable diseases
Conditions that warrant monitoring; designated by the CDC and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE)
notifiable diseases
Average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time
life expectancy
Number of years lost when death occurs before one’s life expectancy; Subtract person’s age at death from his or her life expectancy
Years of Potential Life Lost
Data collected by someone else, possibly for another purpose; Useful in planning of public health programs and facilities
Secondary data
summaries of records of major life events: birth, death, marriage, divorce, infant deaths
vital statistics
Investigations carried out when disease or death occurs in unexpected or unacceptable numbers
Epidemiological Studies
diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
Communicable (infectious) diseases
ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in the host
Infectivity
cause of disease or health problem
Agent
susceptible person or organism invaded by an infectious agent
Host
factors that inhibit or promote disease transmission
Environment
capability of a communicable agent to cause disease in susceptible host
Pathogenicity
illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Noncommunicable (noninfectious) diseases
diseases in which peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months
Acute
diseases or conditions in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months
Chronic
Step-by-step model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host
Chain of Infection
disease-causing agent (virus, bacterium, etc.)
Pathogen
favorable environment for infectious agent to live and grow (human, animal, etc.)
Reservoir
path by which agent leaves host
Port of Exit
how pathogens are passed from reservoir to next host
Transmission
where agent enters susceptible host
Portal of Entry
susceptible to new infection being established
New host
diseases for which the reservoir resides in animal populations
Zoonoses
diseases for which humans are the only known reservoir
Anthroponoses
immediate transfer of disease agent between infected and susceptible individuals
ex) Touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse
Direct transmission
transmission involving an intermediate step
ex) Airborne, vehicleborne, vector borne, biological
Indirect transmission
nonliving objects by which agents are transferred to susceptible host
Vehicles
planning for and taking action to prevent or forestall onset of disease or health problems
Prevention
effort to control disease in progress; taking action during an event
Intervention
containment of a disease; prevention and intervention measures
Control
total elimination of disease from the human population
Eradication
Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
Primary Prevention
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe
Secondary Prevention
Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retrain, reeducate, rehabilitate
Tertiary Prevention
Contamination of the air that interferes with the comfort, safety, and health of living organisms
Air pollution
includes any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or make water unfit for other uses
Water Pollution
To ensure employers in private sector furnish each employee a workplace free from recognized hazards causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act)
this strategy involves shaping the physical environment to reduce or eliminate hazards
Environmental designs
measures taken to organize work or manage behavior to reduce exposure to hazards
Administrative control
these strategies focus on influencing individual behavior to enhance safety
Behavior strategies
substance conventional or scientific that affect the functioning of the body or mind when consumed
Drugs
substances that alter mental processes like mood or consciousness
Psychoactive drugs
consumption of a drug for its intended purpose like enhancement of well being, medical purpose, recreation
Drug use
using a drug in a way that is not recommended or for a purpose not for its intended use
Drug misuse
more severe form of misuse characterized by excessive or harmful use of a drug
Drug abuse
a condition where the body had adopted to the presence of a drug and stopping use leads to withdrawal symptoms
Drug (chemical) dependence
form of dependence that involves a strong emotional or mental dependence on a drug
Psychological dependence
Can be legally bought and sold in the marketplace; ex) Alcohol, nicotine, nonprescription (over-the-counter) drugs, prescription drugs
Legal Drugs
Marijuana, narcotics, cocaine and crack cocaine, hallucinogens, stimulants, depressants, club drugs and designer drugs, anabolic drugs, inhalants
Controlled substances and illegal (illicit) drugs
Number one drug problem in the United States
Alcohol
Psychoactive and addictive drug present in tobacco products
Nicotine
Legal drugs other than alcohol and tobacco that can be purchased without a physician’s prescription
Over-the-Counter Drugs (OTCs)
Can be purchased only with a physician’s prescription, because they have serious side effects for some people
Prescription Drugs
